From 75254bff808dae94fa1d80f6d1e20b229d488ed3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:07:53 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 01/84] build(agents): scaffold reproducible session bootstrap Manifest-driven apt/check/healthcheck scripts plus the session's ephemeral agent signing identity, per the agent-bootstrap protocol. Volatile paths (key material, baselines, agent-env.sh) are gitignored. The scaffold is vendor-neutral: the directory is `.agents/`, the default identity is generic ("Agent"), and the skills-directory path is a manifest variable rather than hardcoded to any one agent tool's convention. Assisted-by: Agent --- .agents/agent-pubkey.asc | 9 ++ .agents/bootstrap.sh | 122 +++++++++++++++++++ .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl | 110 +++++++++++++++++ .agents/check.sh | 77 ++++++++++++ .agents/check.sh.tmpl | 47 ++++++++ .agents/healthcheck.sh | 101 ++++++++++++++++ .agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl | 85 +++++++++++++ .agents/manifest.yaml | 55 +++++++++ .agents/render.py | 230 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .gitignore | 5 + README.md | 11 ++ 11 files changed, 852 insertions(+) create mode 100644 .agents/agent-pubkey.asc create mode 100755 .agents/bootstrap.sh create mode 100644 .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl create mode 100755 .agents/check.sh create mode 100644 .agents/check.sh.tmpl create mode 100755 .agents/healthcheck.sh create mode 100644 .agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl create mode 100644 .agents/manifest.yaml create mode 100644 .agents/render.py diff --git a/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc b/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0c158c33 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- + +mDMEamEGcRYJKwYBBAHaRw8BAQdAzlFVa0iXyeTvdbvX9iD4Y44VF7dYwnEu+Tyr +hETyO0C0IENsYXVkZSAoYWdlbnQpIDxhaUBibG9iZmlzaC5pY3U+iJYEExYIAD4W +IQSKUMyZ0CeuUf47LCyBUJbFB01BvgUCamEGcQIbAwUJAAk6gAULCQgHAgYVCgkI +CwIEFgIDAQIeAQIXgAAKCRCBUJbFB01Bvq0IAP9O3CTpjwZb37NdGKW+RxciXdcQ +XFvzQr94/g9l3rGIhgEAnj975BF6mHpQ9/7a1GT5/pJmeSJ3th8MtUHRtpSp4QA= +=auJf +-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/.agents/bootstrap.sh b/.agents/bootstrap.sh new file mode 100755 index 00000000..1f8891d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/bootstrap.sh @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# 415-docs session bootstrap -- rendered from bootstrap.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +set -euo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" +mkdir -p "${STATE_DIR}" +cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." # sentinel paths in the manifest are workspace-relative + +log() { printf '[bootstrap] %s\n' "$*"; } +fail() { printf '[bootstrap] ERROR: %s\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; } + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------- apt packages +# Non-interactive frontend for unattended installs [nixcraft-debianfrontend]. +export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive + +APT_PACKAGES=( + + "gnupg" + + "python3-yaml" + + "graphviz" + + "python3-pip" + +) + +SUDO="" +if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then + command -v sudo >/dev/null || fail "not root and sudo unavailable" + SUDO="sudo" +fi + +missing=() +for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do + name="${spec%%=*}" + # dpkg-query, not command -v, is the authoritative install test [arslan2019] + if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + missing+=("${spec}") + fi +done + +if ((${#missing[@]})); then + log "installing: ${missing[*]}" + # a single unreachable third-party source must not block bootstrap; + # the install below is the real gate + ${SUDO} apt-get update -q || log "warning: apt-get update failed for some sources; attempting install anyway" + ${SUDO} apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends "${missing[@]}" +else + log "apt dependencies already satisfied" +fi + +# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key +# Session key in a workspace-local GNUPGHOME [gnupg-unattended]; consumed by +# `git agent-commit` via the AGENT_* environment (see agent-commit skill). +AGENT_GNUPGHOME="${AGENTS_DIR}/gnupg" +AGENT_GIT_NAME="Agent" +AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="ai@blobfish.icu" +AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" + +live_fpr() { + # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} + take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' +} + +fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" +if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then + log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" + rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, + # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ + --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "1w" + fpr="$(live_fpr)" + [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" +else + log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" +fi + +gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --armor --export "${fpr}" > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc" +expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ + | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" +log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" +log "public key exported to ${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc -- provide it to the user for forge registration [github-gpg]" + +cat > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" < "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" + +: > "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do + dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version}\n' "${spec%%=*}" >> "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +done + +{ + + sha256sum ".agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl" + + sha256sum ".agents/check.sh.tmpl" + + sha256sum ".agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl" + + sha256sum ".agents/render.py" + +} > "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" + +log "bootstrap complete" diff --git a/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8903177a --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# {{ project }} session bootstrap -- rendered from bootstrap.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +set -euo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" +mkdir -p "${STATE_DIR}" +cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." # sentinel paths in the manifest are workspace-relative + +log() { printf '[bootstrap] %s\n' "$*"; } +fail() { printf '[bootstrap] ERROR: %s\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; } + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------- apt packages +# Non-interactive frontend for unattended installs [nixcraft-debianfrontend]. +export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive + +APT_PACKAGES=( +{% for pkg in apt_packages %} + "{{ pkg.name }}{% if pkg.version %}={{ pkg.version }}{% endif %}" +{% endfor %} +) + +SUDO="" +if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then + command -v sudo >/dev/null || fail "not root and sudo unavailable" + SUDO="sudo" +fi + +missing=() +for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do + name="${spec%%=*}" + # dpkg-query, not command -v, is the authoritative install test [arslan2019] + if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + missing+=("${spec}") + fi +done + +if ((${#missing[@]})); then + log "installing: ${missing[*]}" + # a single unreachable third-party source must not block bootstrap; + # the install below is the real gate + ${SUDO} apt-get update -q || log "warning: apt-get update failed for some sources; attempting install anyway" + ${SUDO} apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends "${missing[@]}" +else + log "apt dependencies already satisfied" +fi + +# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key +# Session key in a workspace-local GNUPGHOME [gnupg-unattended]; consumed by +# `git agent-commit` via the AGENT_* environment (see agent-commit skill). +AGENT_GNUPGHOME="${AGENTS_DIR}/gnupg" +AGENT_GIT_NAME="{{ agent.name }}" +AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="{{ agent.email }}" +AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" + +live_fpr() { + # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} + take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' +} + +fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" +if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then + log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" + rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, + # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ + --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "{{ agent.key_expiry }}" + fpr="$(live_fpr)" + [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" +else + log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" +fi + +gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --armor --export "${fpr}" > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc" +expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ + | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" +log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" +log "public key exported to ${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc -- provide it to the user for forge registration [github-gpg]" + +cat > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" < "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" + +: > "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do + dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version}\n' "${spec%%=*}" >> "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +done + +{ +{% for s in sentinels %} + sha256sum "{{ s }}" +{% endfor %} +} > "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" + +log "bootstrap complete" diff --git a/.agents/check.sh b/.agents/check.sh new file mode 100755 index 00000000..ac8a1bbd --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/check.sh @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# 415-docs dependency validation -- rendered from check.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +set -euo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +failures=0 +flag() { printf '[check] FAIL: %s\n' "$*" >&2; failures=$((failures + 1)); } +ok() { printf '[check] ok: %s\n' "$*"; } + +# dpkg state proves the package installed; a runnable command on PATH proves +# it usable -- either alone gives false confidence [arslan2019] + +if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "gnupg" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + ok "package gnupg" +else + flag "package gnupg not installed" +fi + +if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-yaml" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + ok "package python3-yaml" +else + flag "package python3-yaml not installed" +fi + +if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "graphviz" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + ok "package graphviz" +else + flag "package graphviz not installed" +fi + +if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-pip" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + ok "package python3-pip" +else + flag "package python3-pip not installed" +fi + + + +if command -v "gpg" >/dev/null; then + ok "command gpg ($("gpg" --version 2>&1 | head -n 1))" +else + flag "command gpg missing from PATH (expected via gnupg)" +fi + +if command -v "dot" >/dev/null; then + ok "command dot ($("dot" -V 2>&1 | head -n 1))" +else + flag "command dot missing from PATH (expected via graphviz)" +fi + +if command -v "pip3" >/dev/null; then + ok "command pip3 ($("pip3" --version 2>&1 | head -n 1))" +else + flag "command pip3 missing from PATH (expected via python3-pip)" +fi + + +# Agent identity produced by bootstrap.sh and required by git agent-commit +if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then + # shellcheck source=/dev/null + source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" + if gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}'; then + ok "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" + else + flag "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY} missing, expired, or revoked" + fi +else + flag "agent-env.sh missing; run .agents/bootstrap.sh" +fi + +if ((failures)); then + printf '[check] %d failure(s); run .agents/bootstrap.sh or fix the manifest\n' "${failures}" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +printf '[check] all dependencies validated\n' diff --git a/.agents/check.sh.tmpl b/.agents/check.sh.tmpl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3ed4ccea --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/check.sh.tmpl @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# {{ project }} dependency validation -- rendered from check.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +set -euo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +failures=0 +flag() { printf '[check] FAIL: %s\n' "$*" >&2; failures=$((failures + 1)); } +ok() { printf '[check] ok: %s\n' "$*"; } + +# dpkg state proves the package installed; a runnable command on PATH proves +# it usable -- either alone gives false confidence [arslan2019] +{% for pkg in apt_packages %} +if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "{{ pkg.name }}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + ok "package {{ pkg.name }}" +else + flag "package {{ pkg.name }} not installed" +fi +{% endfor %} + +{% for c in commands %} +if command -v "{{ c.cmd }}" >/dev/null; then + ok "command {{ c.cmd }} ($("{{ c.cmd }}" {{ c.version_flag }} 2>&1 | head -n 1))" +else + flag "command {{ c.cmd }} missing from PATH (expected via {{ c.package }})" +fi +{% endfor %} + +# Agent identity produced by bootstrap.sh and required by git agent-commit +if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then + # shellcheck source=/dev/null + source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" + if gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}'; then + ok "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" + else + flag "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY} missing, expired, or revoked" + fi +else + flag "agent-env.sh missing; run .agents/bootstrap.sh" +fi + +if ((failures)); then + printf '[check] %d failure(s); run .agents/bootstrap.sh or fix the manifest\n' "${failures}" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +printf '[check] all dependencies validated\n' diff --git a/.agents/healthcheck.sh b/.agents/healthcheck.sh new file mode 100755 index 00000000..4ce6bda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/healthcheck.sh @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# 415-docs environment healthcheck -- rendered from healthcheck.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +# +# Compares the live environment against the baselines bootstrap.sh recorded, +# the IaC drift-detection pattern: desired state is code, drift is divergence +# from it [hashicorp-drift]. Verdict contract (machine-readable last line): +# HEALTHCHECK: ok exit 0 environment matches baselines +# HEALTHCHECK: drift exit 1 recoverable divergence; re-render/re-bootstrap +# HEALTHCHECK: corrupt exit 2 integrity violation; stop and tell the user +set -uo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" +cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." || { echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt"; exit 2; } + +verdict=0 +note() { printf '[healthcheck] %s\n' "$*"; } +drift() { note "DRIFT: $*"; ((verdict < 1)) && verdict=1; } +corrupt() { note "CORRUPT: $*"; verdict=2; } + +if [[ ! -d "${STATE_DIR}" ]]; then + corrupt "no recorded baselines; .agents/bootstrap.sh has never completed here" +fi + +# Manifest changed since the scripts were rendered => scripts are stale +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" ]]; then + current="$(sha256sum "${AGENTS_DIR}/manifest.yaml" | awk '{print $1}')" + recorded="$(cat "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256")" + [[ "${current}" == "${recorded}" ]] \ + || drift "manifest.yaml changed after last bootstrap; re-render *.tmpl and re-run bootstrap" +fi + +# Package set drift: removed packages are corruption, version churn is drift + +if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "gnupg" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + corrupt "required package gnupg is no longer installed" +fi + +if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-yaml" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + corrupt "required package python3-yaml is no longer installed" +fi + +if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "graphviz" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + corrupt "required package graphviz is no longer installed" +fi + +if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-pip" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + corrupt "required package python3-pip is no longer installed" +fi + +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" ]]; then + while read -r name recorded_ver; do + live_ver="$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null || true)" + [[ "${live_ver}" == "${recorded_ver}" ]] \ + || drift "package ${name} moved ${recorded_ver} -> ${live_ver:-} since bootstrap" + done < "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +fi + +# Sentinel files: silent mutation of the environment's own machinery +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" ]]; then + if ! sha256sum --check --quiet "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" 2>/dev/null; then + corrupt "sentinel file checksum mismatch (see: sha256sum --check ${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256)" + fi +fi + +# Workspace skill copies still present and non-empty + + +# Agent key: expiry is the designed staleness alarm +if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then + # shellcheck source=/dev/null + source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}' \ + || drift "agent signing key unusable (likely expired); re-run bootstrap to mint a fresh one" +else + drift "agent-env.sh missing; re-run bootstrap" +fi + +# Project-specific indicators from the manifest + +if ! bash -c 'git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree' >/dev/null 2>&1; then + drift "extra check failed: inside the 415-docs repo" +fi + +if ! bash -c 'pip3 show sphinx 2>/dev/null | grep -q 6.2.1' >/dev/null 2>&1; then + drift "extra check failed: sphinx importable at pinned version" +fi + +if ! bash -c 'command -v git-agent-commit || test -x "$HOME/.local/bin/git-agent-commit"' >/dev/null 2>&1; then + drift "extra check failed: agent-commit wrapper installed" +fi + + +case "${verdict}" in + 0) echo "HEALTHCHECK: ok" ;; + 1) echo "HEALTHCHECK: drift" ;; + *) echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt" ;; +esac +exit "${verdict}" diff --git a/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl b/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8f6ea69c --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# {{ project }} environment healthcheck -- rendered from healthcheck.sh.tmpl. +# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. +# +# Compares the live environment against the baselines bootstrap.sh recorded, +# the IaC drift-detection pattern: desired state is code, drift is divergence +# from it [hashicorp-drift]. Verdict contract (machine-readable last line): +# HEALTHCHECK: ok exit 0 environment matches baselines +# HEALTHCHECK: drift exit 1 recoverable divergence; re-render/re-bootstrap +# HEALTHCHECK: corrupt exit 2 integrity violation; stop and tell the user +set -uo pipefail + +AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" +cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." || { echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt"; exit 2; } + +verdict=0 +note() { printf '[healthcheck] %s\n' "$*"; } +drift() { note "DRIFT: $*"; ((verdict < 1)) && verdict=1; } +corrupt() { note "CORRUPT: $*"; verdict=2; } + +if [[ ! -d "${STATE_DIR}" ]]; then + corrupt "no recorded baselines; .agents/bootstrap.sh has never completed here" +fi + +# Manifest changed since the scripts were rendered => scripts are stale +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" ]]; then + current="$(sha256sum "${AGENTS_DIR}/manifest.yaml" | awk '{print $1}')" + recorded="$(cat "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256")" + [[ "${current}" == "${recorded}" ]] \ + || drift "manifest.yaml changed after last bootstrap; re-render *.tmpl and re-run bootstrap" +fi + +# Package set drift: removed packages are corruption, version churn is drift +{% for pkg in apt_packages %} +if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "{{ pkg.name }}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then + corrupt "required package {{ pkg.name }} is no longer installed" +fi +{% endfor %} +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" ]]; then + while read -r name recorded_ver; do + live_ver="$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null || true)" + [[ "${live_ver}" == "${recorded_ver}" ]] \ + || drift "package ${name} moved ${recorded_ver} -> ${live_ver:-} since bootstrap" + done < "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" +fi + +# Sentinel files: silent mutation of the environment's own machinery +if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" ]]; then + if ! sha256sum --check --quiet "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" 2>/dev/null; then + corrupt "sentinel file checksum mismatch (see: sha256sum --check ${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256)" + fi +fi + +# Workspace skill copies still present and non-empty +{% for s in skills %} +if [[ ! -s "{{ skills_dir }}/{{ s }}/SKILL.md" ]]; then + drift "workspace skill copy '{{ s }}' missing or empty" +fi +{% endfor %} + +# Agent key: expiry is the designed staleness alarm +if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then + # shellcheck source=/dev/null + source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}' \ + || drift "agent signing key unusable (likely expired); re-run bootstrap to mint a fresh one" +else + drift "agent-env.sh missing; re-run bootstrap" +fi + +# Project-specific indicators from the manifest +{% for c in extra_checks %} +if ! bash -c '{{ c.cmd }}' >/dev/null 2>&1; then + drift "extra check failed: {{ c.name }}" +fi +{% endfor %} + +case "${verdict}" in + 0) echo "HEALTHCHECK: ok" ;; + 1) echo "HEALTHCHECK: drift" ;; + *) echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt" ;; +esac +exit "${verdict}" diff --git a/.agents/manifest.yaml b/.agents/manifest.yaml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf2df861 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/manifest.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# Render context for .agents/*.tmpl and desired state for healthcheck.sh. +# Keep to block style; the fallback parser in render.py supports only that. + +project: 415-docs + +apt_packages: + - name: gnupg + version: null + - name: python3-yaml + version: null + - name: graphviz + version: null + - name: python3-pip + version: null + +commands: + - cmd: gpg + package: gnupg + version_flag: --version + - cmd: dot + package: graphviz + version_flag: -V + - cmd: pip3 + package: python3-pip + version_flag: --version + +agent: + name: Agent + email: ai@blobfish.icu + key_expiry: 1w + +# skills_dir: on-disk location this session's agent tool loads skills from. +# Leave unset when 'skills:' is empty. Populate both together when you want +# the healthcheck to notice a workspace skill copy going missing. +skills_dir: "" + +# user skills not copied in this session (mounted read-only elsewhere); +# re-run the agents-bootstrap skill's Step 2 to populate +skills: [] + +sentinels: + - .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl + - .agents/check.sh.tmpl + - .agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl + - .agents/render.py + +# sphinx is installed via pip from requirements.txt (pinned versions), not +# apt; probe importability rather than dpkg state +extra_checks: + - name: inside the 415-docs repo + cmd: git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree + - name: sphinx importable at pinned version + cmd: pip3 show sphinx 2>/dev/null | grep -q 6.2.1 + - name: agent-commit wrapper installed + cmd: command -v git-agent-commit || test -x "$HOME/.local/bin/git-agent-commit" diff --git a/.agents/render.py b/.agents/render.py new file mode 100644 index 00000000..00c07c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/render.py @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +"""Render a jinja-subset template against a YAML manifest. + +Template syntax (a strict subset of Jinja semantics [jinja]): + {{ dotted.path }} - value substitution + {% for name in dotted.path %}...{% endfor %} + {% if dotted.path %}...{% else %}...{% endif %} (truthiness test) + +Manifest loading prefers PyYAML [pyyaml] when importable and otherwise falls +back to a bundled block-style subset parser, so rendering never depends on a +package that bootstrap has not installed yet. The subset accepts: block +mappings and sequences (2-space indents), `- key: value` sequence items, +scalars (null/~, true/false, integers, quoted or plain strings), and +full-line comments. Flow style ({...}, [...]), anchors, and multiline +scalars are out of scope -- keep the manifest simple. + +Usage: render.py MANIFEST.yaml TEMPLATE.tmpl > OUTPUT +""" +from __future__ import annotations + +import re +import sys +from dataclasses import dataclass +from pathlib import Path +from typing import Union + +Yaml = Union[None, bool, int, str, list["Yaml"], dict[str, "Yaml"]] +Scope = dict[str, Yaml] + +# --------------------------------------------------------------- YAML loading + + +def _scalar(raw: str) -> Yaml: + text = raw.strip() + if text in ("null", "~", ""): + return None + if text in ("true", "false"): + return text == "true" + if re.fullmatch(r"-?\d+", text): + return int(text) + if len(text) >= 2 and text[0] == text[-1] and text[0] in "'\"": + return text[1:-1] + return text + + +@dataclass(frozen=True) +class _Line: + indent: int + text: str + + +def _lines(source: str) -> list[_Line]: + out: list[_Line] = [] + for raw in source.splitlines(): + stripped = raw.strip() + if not stripped or stripped.startswith("#"): + continue + out.append(_Line(len(raw) - len(raw.lstrip(" ")), stripped)) + return out + + +def _parse_block(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[Yaml, int]: + if pos >= len(lines) or lines[pos].indent < indent: + return None, pos + if lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): + return _parse_seq(lines, pos, lines[pos].indent) + return _parse_map(lines, pos, lines[pos].indent) + + +def _parse_map(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[dict[str, Yaml], int]: + result: dict[str, Yaml] = {} + while pos < len(lines) and lines[pos].indent == indent and not lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): + key, sep, rest = lines[pos].text.partition(":") + if not sep: + raise ValueError(f"expected 'key: value', got {lines[pos].text!r}") + pos += 1 + if rest.strip(): + result[key.strip()] = _scalar(rest) + else: + result[key.strip()], pos = _parse_block(lines, pos, indent + 1) + return result, pos + + +def _parse_seq(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[list[Yaml], int]: + result: list[Yaml] = [] + while pos < len(lines) and lines[pos].indent == indent and lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): + item = lines[pos].text[2:] + if ":" in item: + # `- key: value` opens an inline mapping whose remaining keys sit + # at the indent of the character after "- " + rewritten = lines[:] + rewritten[pos] = _Line(indent + 2, item) + value, pos = _parse_map(rewritten, pos, indent + 2) + result.append(value) + else: + result.append(_scalar(item)) + pos += 1 + return result, pos + + +def load_manifest(path: Path) -> Scope: + source = path.read_text() + try: + import yaml # type: ignore[import-untyped] + + data = yaml.safe_load(source) + except ImportError: + data, end = _parse_block(_lines(source), 0, 0) + if end != len(_lines(source)): + raise ValueError("trailing unparsed manifest content; simplify or install python3-yaml") + if not isinstance(data, dict): + raise ValueError("manifest must be a mapping at the top level") + return data + + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------- templating + +_TOKEN = re.compile(r"({{.*?}}|{%.*?%})", re.DOTALL) +_FOR = re.compile(r"^for\s+(\w+)\s+in\s+([\w.]+)$") +_IF = re.compile(r"^if\s+([\w.]+)$") + + +@dataclass(frozen=True) +class Text: + value: str + + +@dataclass(frozen=True) +class Expr: + path: str + + +@dataclass(frozen=True) +class For: + var: str + path: str + body: tuple["Node", ...] + + +@dataclass(frozen=True) +class If: + path: str + body: tuple["Node", ...] + orelse: tuple["Node", ...] + + +Node = Union[Text, Expr, For, If] + + +class TemplateError(ValueError): + pass + + +def _lookup(path: str, scope: Scope) -> Yaml: + node: Yaml = scope # type: ignore[assignment] + for part in path.split("."): + if not isinstance(node, dict) or part not in node: + raise TemplateError(f"unresolved path {path!r} (missing {part!r})") + node = node[part] + return node + + +def _parse(tokens: list[str], pos: int, until: frozenset[str]) -> tuple[tuple[Node, ...], int, str]: + nodes: list[Node] = [] + while pos < len(tokens): + tok = tokens[pos] + if tok.startswith("{{"): + nodes.append(Expr(tok[2:-2].strip())) + pos += 1 + elif tok.startswith("{%"): + stmt = tok[2:-2].strip() + if stmt in until: + return tuple(nodes), pos + 1, stmt + if m := _FOR.match(stmt): + body, pos, _ = _parse(tokens, pos + 1, frozenset({"endfor"})) + nodes.append(For(m.group(1), m.group(2), body)) + elif m := _IF.match(stmt): + body, pos, closer = _parse(tokens, pos + 1, frozenset({"else", "endif"})) + orelse: tuple[Node, ...] = () + if closer == "else": + orelse, pos, _ = _parse(tokens, pos, frozenset({"endif"})) + nodes.append(If(m.group(1), body, orelse)) + else: + raise TemplateError(f"unsupported statement {stmt!r}") + else: + nodes.append(Text(tok)) + pos += 1 + if until: + raise TemplateError(f"unterminated block, expected one of {sorted(until)}") + return tuple(nodes), pos, "" + + +def _render(nodes: tuple[Node, ...], scope: Scope, out: list[str]) -> None: + for node in nodes: + if isinstance(node, Text): + out.append(node.value) + elif isinstance(node, Expr): + value = _lookup(node.path, scope) + if value is None or isinstance(value, (list, dict)): + raise TemplateError(f"{node.path!r} is not a printable scalar") + out.append(str(value)) + elif isinstance(node, For): + seq = _lookup(node.path, scope) + if not isinstance(seq, list): + raise TemplateError(f"{node.path!r} is not a list") + for item in seq: + _render(node.body, {**scope, node.var: item}, out) + else: + branch = node.body if _lookup(node.path, scope) else node.orelse + _render(branch, scope, out) + + +def render(template: str, scope: Scope) -> str: + nodes, _, _ = _parse(_TOKEN.split(template), 0, frozenset()) + out: list[str] = [] + _render(nodes, scope, out) + return "".join(out) + + +def main(argv: list[str]) -> int: + if len(argv) != 3: + print(__doc__, file=sys.stderr) + return 2 + scope = load_manifest(Path(argv[1])) + sys.stdout.write(render(Path(argv[2]).read_text(), scope)) + return 0 + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + raise SystemExit(main(sys.argv)) diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index d6b4d8cb..cac38384 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -22,3 +22,8 @@ tmp/ # Ignore Python bytecode caches. __pycache__/ *.pyc + +# agent session machinery (volatile) +.agents/gnupg/ +.agents/state/ +.agents/agent-env.sh diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 5161871e..8e1f48cf 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -9,3 +9,14 @@ The site is automatically updated using a Github Action when For more details on the Github Action workflow, see `.github/workflows/deploySite.yml` + +## Agent sessions + +At the start of every agent session: + + .agents/healthcheck.sh && .agents/bootstrap.sh && source .agents/agent-env.sh + +After changing `.agents/manifest.yaml`: re-render from the `.agents/*.tmpl` +templates (see `render.py`) and re-run bootstrap. A freshly minted agent key +(bootstrap logs "generating", not "reusing") must be re-registered on the +forge; the exported public key lives at `.agents/agent-pubkey.asc`. From 223c45d44d67ee8c4c50a018a64181267f772f4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 09:27:55 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 02/84] build(agents)!: drop identity prescription and generated artifacts Applies review feedback from PR #110. Removes the committed rendered scripts (bootstrap.sh, check.sh, healthcheck.sh) and the committed public key (agent-pubkey.asc); each session regenerates the scripts from the .tmpl files via render.py before running bootstrap. Identity is now opt-in: the manifest's `agent:` block is blank by default, and bootstrap only mints a GPG signing key (and writes agent-env.sh) when a user fills it in locally. Users choose their own signing identity; the repo prescribes none. Python dependencies move to pyproject.toml under uv: bootstrap installs uv from astral.sh if missing, then runs `uv sync` to provision a venv pinning sphinx==6.2.1 alongside jinja2 and PyYAML (both needed by render.py, which now uses stock Jinja2 with a `{## ##}` comment tag to avoid colliding with bash's `${#arr[@]}` array-length syntax). Adds an empty `.agents/skills/` directory as the location for bundled review skills; `manifest.yaml`'s `skills:` list names entries under it, and healthcheck asserts each listed skill has a non-empty SKILL.md. BREAKING CHANGE: `.agents/bootstrap.sh`, `.agents/check.sh`, and `.agents/healthcheck.sh` are no longer tracked. Existing checkouts must render them once (`for t in .agents/*.tmpl; do uv run .agents/render.py .agents/manifest.yaml "$t" > "${t%.tmpl}"; done`) before running bootstrap. Users who had a signing identity configured must re-populate the `agent:` block in their local copy of manifest.yaml. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- .agents/agent-pubkey.asc | 9 -- .agents/bootstrap.sh | 122 ------------------- .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl | 97 +++++++++------ .agents/check.sh | 77 ------------ .agents/check.sh.tmpl | 7 +- .agents/healthcheck.sh | 101 ---------------- .agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl | 12 +- .agents/manifest.yaml | 46 ++++---- .agents/render.py | 228 ++++-------------------------------- .agents/skills/.gitkeep | 0 .gitignore | 9 ++ README.md | 31 ++++- pyproject.toml | 14 +++ 13 files changed, 169 insertions(+), 584 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 .agents/agent-pubkey.asc delete mode 100755 .agents/bootstrap.sh delete mode 100755 .agents/check.sh delete mode 100755 .agents/healthcheck.sh create mode 100644 .agents/skills/.gitkeep create mode 100644 pyproject.toml diff --git a/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc b/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc deleted file mode 100644 index 0c158c33..00000000 --- a/.agents/agent-pubkey.asc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ ------BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- - -mDMEamEGcRYJKwYBBAHaRw8BAQdAzlFVa0iXyeTvdbvX9iD4Y44VF7dYwnEu+Tyr -hETyO0C0IENsYXVkZSAoYWdlbnQpIDxhaUBibG9iZmlzaC5pY3U+iJYEExYIAD4W -IQSKUMyZ0CeuUf47LCyBUJbFB01BvgUCamEGcQIbAwUJAAk6gAULCQgHAgYVCgkI -CwIEFgIDAQIeAQIXgAAKCRCBUJbFB01Bvq0IAP9O3CTpjwZb37NdGKW+RxciXdcQ -XFvzQr94/g9l3rGIhgEAnj975BF6mHpQ9/7a1GT5/pJmeSJ3th8MtUHRtpSp4QA= -=auJf ------END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/.agents/bootstrap.sh b/.agents/bootstrap.sh deleted file mode 100755 index 1f8891d2..00000000 --- a/.agents/bootstrap.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env bash -# 415-docs session bootstrap -- rendered from bootstrap.sh.tmpl. -# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. -set -euo pipefail - -AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" -STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" -mkdir -p "${STATE_DIR}" -cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." # sentinel paths in the manifest are workspace-relative - -log() { printf '[bootstrap] %s\n' "$*"; } -fail() { printf '[bootstrap] ERROR: %s\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; } - -# ---------------------------------------------------------------- apt packages -# Non-interactive frontend for unattended installs [nixcraft-debianfrontend]. -export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive - -APT_PACKAGES=( - - "gnupg" - - "python3-yaml" - - "graphviz" - - "python3-pip" - -) - -SUDO="" -if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then - command -v sudo >/dev/null || fail "not root and sudo unavailable" - SUDO="sudo" -fi - -missing=() -for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do - name="${spec%%=*}" - # dpkg-query, not command -v, is the authoritative install test [arslan2019] - if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - missing+=("${spec}") - fi -done - -if ((${#missing[@]})); then - log "installing: ${missing[*]}" - # a single unreachable third-party source must not block bootstrap; - # the install below is the real gate - ${SUDO} apt-get update -q || log "warning: apt-get update failed for some sources; attempting install anyway" - ${SUDO} apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends "${missing[@]}" -else - log "apt dependencies already satisfied" -fi - -# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key -# Session key in a workspace-local GNUPGHOME [gnupg-unattended]; consumed by -# `git agent-commit` via the AGENT_* environment (see agent-commit skill). -AGENT_GNUPGHOME="${AGENTS_DIR}/gnupg" -AGENT_GIT_NAME="Agent" -AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="ai@blobfish.icu" -AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" - -live_fpr() { - # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent - gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ - | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} - take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' -} - -fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" -if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then - log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" - rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" - mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" - # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, - # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] - gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ - --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "1w" - fpr="$(live_fpr)" - [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" -else - log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" -fi - -gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --armor --export "${fpr}" > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc" -expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ - | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" -log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" -log "public key exported to ${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc -- provide it to the user for forge registration [github-gpg]" - -cat > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" < "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" - -: > "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" -for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do - dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version}\n' "${spec%%=*}" >> "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" -done - -{ - - sha256sum ".agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl" - - sha256sum ".agents/check.sh.tmpl" - - sha256sum ".agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl" - - sha256sum ".agents/render.py" - -} > "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" - -log "bootstrap complete" diff --git a/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl index 8903177a..4ef5f0c2 100644 --- a/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl +++ b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl @@ -46,50 +46,75 @@ else log "apt dependencies already satisfied" fi -# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key -# Session key in a workspace-local GNUPGHOME [gnupg-unattended]; consumed by -# `git agent-commit` via the AGENT_* environment (see agent-commit skill). -AGENT_GNUPGHOME="${AGENTS_DIR}/gnupg" -AGENT_GIT_NAME="{{ agent.name }}" -AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="{{ agent.email }}" -AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" - -live_fpr() { - # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent - gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ - | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} - take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' -} - -fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" -if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then - log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" - rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" - mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" - # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, - # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] - gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ - --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "{{ agent.key_expiry }}" - fpr="$(live_fpr)" - [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" -else - log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" +# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ uv +# Astral's uv is our Python package manager; installed here rather than via +# apt so the pinned version is reproducible across distros [uv-install]. +if ! command -v uv >/dev/null; then + log "installing uv from astral.sh" + curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh + # The installer drops uv into ~/.local/bin; make it discoverable for the + # rest of this shell without requiring the user to re-source their profile. + export PATH="${HOME}/.local/bin:${PATH}" + command -v uv >/dev/null || fail "uv install completed but binary not on PATH" fi +log "uv $(uv --version | awk '{print $2}')" + +# Sync the project venv from pyproject.toml. --frozen would require a +# checked-in uv.lock; we allow a soft sync so contributors don't have to +# regenerate the lock on every dependency bump [uv-sync]. +(cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." && uv sync) + +# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key +# Identity is optional. Bootstrap only mints a GPG key when the manifest's +# `agent:` block names an identity; otherwise signing is left to the user's +# own git configuration. +AGENT_GIT_NAME="{{ agent.name or '' }}" +AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="{{ agent.email or '' }}" + +if [[ -n "${AGENT_GIT_NAME}" && -n "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" ]]; then + AGENT_GNUPGHOME="${AGENTS_DIR}/gnupg" + AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" + + live_fpr() { + # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ + | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} + take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' + } + + fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" + if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then + log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" + rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" + # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, + # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] + gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ + --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "{{ agent.key_expiry or '1w' }}" + fpr="$(live_fpr)" + [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" + else + log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" + fi -gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --armor --export "${fpr}" > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc" -expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ - | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" -log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" -log "public key exported to ${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-pubkey.asc -- provide it to the user for forge registration [github-gpg]" + expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ + | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" + log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" + log "export the public key with: gpg --homedir '${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}' --armor --export ${fpr}" -cat > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" < "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" <&2; failures=$((failures + 1)); } -ok() { printf '[check] ok: %s\n' "$*"; } - -# dpkg state proves the package installed; a runnable command on PATH proves -# it usable -- either alone gives false confidence [arslan2019] - -if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "gnupg" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - ok "package gnupg" -else - flag "package gnupg not installed" -fi - -if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-yaml" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - ok "package python3-yaml" -else - flag "package python3-yaml not installed" -fi - -if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "graphviz" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - ok "package graphviz" -else - flag "package graphviz not installed" -fi - -if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-pip" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - ok "package python3-pip" -else - flag "package python3-pip not installed" -fi - - - -if command -v "gpg" >/dev/null; then - ok "command gpg ($("gpg" --version 2>&1 | head -n 1))" -else - flag "command gpg missing from PATH (expected via gnupg)" -fi - -if command -v "dot" >/dev/null; then - ok "command dot ($("dot" -V 2>&1 | head -n 1))" -else - flag "command dot missing from PATH (expected via graphviz)" -fi - -if command -v "pip3" >/dev/null; then - ok "command pip3 ($("pip3" --version 2>&1 | head -n 1))" -else - flag "command pip3 missing from PATH (expected via python3-pip)" -fi - - -# Agent identity produced by bootstrap.sh and required by git agent-commit -if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then - # shellcheck source=/dev/null - source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" - if gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ - | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}'; then - ok "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" - else - flag "agent signing key ${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY} missing, expired, or revoked" - fi -else - flag "agent-env.sh missing; run .agents/bootstrap.sh" -fi - -if ((failures)); then - printf '[check] %d failure(s); run .agents/bootstrap.sh or fix the manifest\n' "${failures}" >&2 - exit 1 -fi -printf '[check] all dependencies validated\n' diff --git a/.agents/check.sh.tmpl b/.agents/check.sh.tmpl index 3ed4ccea..a5670464 100644 --- a/.agents/check.sh.tmpl +++ b/.agents/check.sh.tmpl @@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ else fi {% endfor %} -# Agent identity produced by bootstrap.sh and required by git agent-commit +# Signing identity is optional. Only enforce agent-env.sh when the manifest +# named an agent identity for this repo. +{% if agent.name and agent.email %} if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then # shellcheck source=/dev/null source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" @@ -39,6 +41,9 @@ if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then else flag "agent-env.sh missing; run .agents/bootstrap.sh" fi +{% else %} +ok "no agent identity configured; signing check skipped" +{% endif %} if ((failures)); then printf '[check] %d failure(s); run .agents/bootstrap.sh or fix the manifest\n' "${failures}" >&2 diff --git a/.agents/healthcheck.sh b/.agents/healthcheck.sh deleted file mode 100755 index 4ce6bda3..00000000 --- a/.agents/healthcheck.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env bash -# 415-docs environment healthcheck -- rendered from healthcheck.sh.tmpl. -# Edit .agents/manifest.yaml and re-render; do not edit this file directly. -# -# Compares the live environment against the baselines bootstrap.sh recorded, -# the IaC drift-detection pattern: desired state is code, drift is divergence -# from it [hashicorp-drift]. Verdict contract (machine-readable last line): -# HEALTHCHECK: ok exit 0 environment matches baselines -# HEALTHCHECK: drift exit 1 recoverable divergence; re-render/re-bootstrap -# HEALTHCHECK: corrupt exit 2 integrity violation; stop and tell the user -set -uo pipefail - -AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" -STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" -cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." || { echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt"; exit 2; } - -verdict=0 -note() { printf '[healthcheck] %s\n' "$*"; } -drift() { note "DRIFT: $*"; ((verdict < 1)) && verdict=1; } -corrupt() { note "CORRUPT: $*"; verdict=2; } - -if [[ ! -d "${STATE_DIR}" ]]; then - corrupt "no recorded baselines; .agents/bootstrap.sh has never completed here" -fi - -# Manifest changed since the scripts were rendered => scripts are stale -if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" ]]; then - current="$(sha256sum "${AGENTS_DIR}/manifest.yaml" | awk '{print $1}')" - recorded="$(cat "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256")" - [[ "${current}" == "${recorded}" ]] \ - || drift "manifest.yaml changed after last bootstrap; re-render *.tmpl and re-run bootstrap" -fi - -# Package set drift: removed packages are corruption, version churn is drift - -if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "gnupg" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - corrupt "required package gnupg is no longer installed" -fi - -if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-yaml" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - corrupt "required package python3-yaml is no longer installed" -fi - -if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "graphviz" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - corrupt "required package graphviz is no longer installed" -fi - -if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "python3-pip" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then - corrupt "required package python3-pip is no longer installed" -fi - -if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" ]]; then - while read -r name recorded_ver; do - live_ver="$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null || true)" - [[ "${live_ver}" == "${recorded_ver}" ]] \ - || drift "package ${name} moved ${recorded_ver} -> ${live_ver:-} since bootstrap" - done < "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" -fi - -# Sentinel files: silent mutation of the environment's own machinery -if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" ]]; then - if ! sha256sum --check --quiet "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" 2>/dev/null; then - corrupt "sentinel file checksum mismatch (see: sha256sum --check ${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256)" - fi -fi - -# Workspace skill copies still present and non-empty - - -# Agent key: expiry is the designed staleness alarm -if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then - # shellcheck source=/dev/null - source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" - gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_SIGNING_KEY}" 2>/dev/null \ - | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {found=1} END {exit !found}' \ - || drift "agent signing key unusable (likely expired); re-run bootstrap to mint a fresh one" -else - drift "agent-env.sh missing; re-run bootstrap" -fi - -# Project-specific indicators from the manifest - -if ! bash -c 'git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree' >/dev/null 2>&1; then - drift "extra check failed: inside the 415-docs repo" -fi - -if ! bash -c 'pip3 show sphinx 2>/dev/null | grep -q 6.2.1' >/dev/null 2>&1; then - drift "extra check failed: sphinx importable at pinned version" -fi - -if ! bash -c 'command -v git-agent-commit || test -x "$HOME/.local/bin/git-agent-commit"' >/dev/null 2>&1; then - drift "extra check failed: agent-commit wrapper installed" -fi - - -case "${verdict}" in - 0) echo "HEALTHCHECK: ok" ;; - 1) echo "HEALTHCHECK: drift" ;; - *) echo "HEALTHCHECK: corrupt" ;; -esac -exit "${verdict}" diff --git a/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl b/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl index 8f6ea69c..2211be4e 100644 --- a/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl +++ b/.agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl @@ -52,14 +52,17 @@ if [[ -f "${STATE_DIR}/sentinels.sha256" ]]; then fi fi -# Workspace skill copies still present and non-empty +# Bundled skills: each listed name must exist under .agents/skills/ with a +# non-empty SKILL.md. These are checked-in review helpers, not workspace +# copies of external skill libraries. {% for s in skills %} -if [[ ! -s "{{ skills_dir }}/{{ s }}/SKILL.md" ]]; then - drift "workspace skill copy '{{ s }}' missing or empty" +if [[ ! -s "${AGENTS_DIR}/skills/{{ s }}/SKILL.md" ]]; then + drift "bundled skill '{{ s }}' missing or empty at .agents/skills/{{ s }}/SKILL.md" fi {% endfor %} -# Agent key: expiry is the designed staleness alarm +# Agent key: only enforced when the manifest configured an identity +{% if agent.name and agent.email %} if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then # shellcheck source=/dev/null source "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" @@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ if [[ -r "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" ]]; then else drift "agent-env.sh missing; re-run bootstrap" fi +{% endif %} # Project-specific indicators from the manifest {% for c in extra_checks %} diff --git a/.agents/manifest.yaml b/.agents/manifest.yaml index cf2df861..f2f3c343 100644 --- a/.agents/manifest.yaml +++ b/.agents/manifest.yaml @@ -1,18 +1,22 @@ # Render context for .agents/*.tmpl and desired state for healthcheck.sh. -# Keep to block style; the fallback parser in render.py supports only that. +# This file is committed; identity is intentionally left blank. Each user +# fills in an `agent:` block locally (or leaves it empty to skip signing). project: 415-docs +# System packages the bootstrap installs via apt. Python packages are managed +# separately by uv (see `pyproject.toml`), not apt. apt_packages: - name: gnupg version: null - - name: python3-yaml - version: null - name: graphviz version: null - - name: python3-pip + - name: curl version: null +# Runnable-on-PATH checks. `uv` is bootstrapped by the install script itself +# when missing (curl-piped from astral.sh), so it belongs in commands rather +# than apt_packages. commands: - cmd: gpg package: gnupg @@ -20,22 +24,23 @@ commands: - cmd: dot package: graphviz version_flag: -V - - cmd: pip3 - package: python3-pip + - cmd: uv + package: uv version_flag: --version +# Signing identity for `git agent-commit`. Leave every field null/empty to +# opt out of GPG entirely -- bootstrap will skip key generation, and check / +# healthcheck will not require an agent key. To opt in, fill in name/email +# (and optionally key_expiry, default `1w`); the identity you put here is +# yours to choose. Not prescribed by this repo. agent: - name: Agent - email: ai@blobfish.icu + name: null + email: null key_expiry: 1w -# skills_dir: on-disk location this session's agent tool loads skills from. -# Leave unset when 'skills:' is empty. Populate both together when you want -# the healthcheck to notice a workspace skill copy going missing. -skills_dir: "" - -# user skills not copied in this session (mounted read-only elsewhere); -# re-run the agents-bootstrap skill's Step 2 to populate +# Skills bundled with this repo for review/consistency work over the spec. +# Each entry names a directory under `.agents/skills/` that contains a +# SKILL.md file. The healthcheck asserts these directories still exist. skills: [] sentinels: @@ -43,13 +48,12 @@ sentinels: - .agents/check.sh.tmpl - .agents/healthcheck.sh.tmpl - .agents/render.py + - .agents/manifest.yaml + - pyproject.toml -# sphinx is installed via pip from requirements.txt (pinned versions), not -# apt; probe importability rather than dpkg state +# Project-specific readiness probes evaluated by healthcheck. extra_checks: - name: inside the 415-docs repo cmd: git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree - - name: sphinx importable at pinned version - cmd: pip3 show sphinx 2>/dev/null | grep -q 6.2.1 - - name: agent-commit wrapper installed - cmd: command -v git-agent-commit || test -x "$HOME/.local/bin/git-agent-commit" + - name: sphinx importable from the uv-managed venv + cmd: uv run python -c "import sphinx, sys; sys.exit(0 if sphinx.__version__.startswith(\"6.2\") else 1)" diff --git a/.agents/render.py b/.agents/render.py index 00c07c4d..408b9a77 100644 --- a/.agents/render.py +++ b/.agents/render.py @@ -1,228 +1,42 @@ #!/usr/bin/env python3 -"""Render a jinja-subset template against a YAML manifest. - -Template syntax (a strict subset of Jinja semantics [jinja]): - {{ dotted.path }} - value substitution - {% for name in dotted.path %}...{% endfor %} - {% if dotted.path %}...{% else %}...{% endif %} (truthiness test) - -Manifest loading prefers PyYAML [pyyaml] when importable and otherwise falls -back to a bundled block-style subset parser, so rendering never depends on a -package that bootstrap has not installed yet. The subset accepts: block -mappings and sequences (2-space indents), `- key: value` sequence items, -scalars (null/~, true/false, integers, quoted or plain strings), and -full-line comments. Flow style ({...}, [...]), anchors, and multiline -scalars are out of scope -- keep the manifest simple. +"""Render a Jinja2 template against a YAML manifest. Usage: render.py MANIFEST.yaml TEMPLATE.tmpl > OUTPUT + +Dependencies (`jinja2`, `PyYAML`) are declared in the repo's pyproject.toml +and provisioned by `uv sync`; run this script under `uv run` from a fresh +checkout so those are guaranteed available. """ from __future__ import annotations -import re import sys -from dataclasses import dataclass from pathlib import Path -from typing import Union - -Yaml = Union[None, bool, int, str, list["Yaml"], dict[str, "Yaml"]] -Scope = dict[str, Yaml] - -# --------------------------------------------------------------- YAML loading - - -def _scalar(raw: str) -> Yaml: - text = raw.strip() - if text in ("null", "~", ""): - return None - if text in ("true", "false"): - return text == "true" - if re.fullmatch(r"-?\d+", text): - return int(text) - if len(text) >= 2 and text[0] == text[-1] and text[0] in "'\"": - return text[1:-1] - return text - - -@dataclass(frozen=True) -class _Line: - indent: int - text: str - -def _lines(source: str) -> list[_Line]: - out: list[_Line] = [] - for raw in source.splitlines(): - stripped = raw.strip() - if not stripped or stripped.startswith("#"): - continue - out.append(_Line(len(raw) - len(raw.lstrip(" ")), stripped)) - return out +import jinja2 +import yaml -def _parse_block(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[Yaml, int]: - if pos >= len(lines) or lines[pos].indent < indent: - return None, pos - if lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): - return _parse_seq(lines, pos, lines[pos].indent) - return _parse_map(lines, pos, lines[pos].indent) - - -def _parse_map(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[dict[str, Yaml], int]: - result: dict[str, Yaml] = {} - while pos < len(lines) and lines[pos].indent == indent and not lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): - key, sep, rest = lines[pos].text.partition(":") - if not sep: - raise ValueError(f"expected 'key: value', got {lines[pos].text!r}") - pos += 1 - if rest.strip(): - result[key.strip()] = _scalar(rest) - else: - result[key.strip()], pos = _parse_block(lines, pos, indent + 1) - return result, pos - - -def _parse_seq(lines: list[_Line], pos: int, indent: int) -> tuple[list[Yaml], int]: - result: list[Yaml] = [] - while pos < len(lines) and lines[pos].indent == indent and lines[pos].text.startswith("- "): - item = lines[pos].text[2:] - if ":" in item: - # `- key: value` opens an inline mapping whose remaining keys sit - # at the indent of the character after "- " - rewritten = lines[:] - rewritten[pos] = _Line(indent + 2, item) - value, pos = _parse_map(rewritten, pos, indent + 2) - result.append(value) - else: - result.append(_scalar(item)) - pos += 1 - return result, pos - - -def load_manifest(path: Path) -> Scope: - source = path.read_text() - try: - import yaml # type: ignore[import-untyped] - - data = yaml.safe_load(source) - except ImportError: - data, end = _parse_block(_lines(source), 0, 0) - if end != len(_lines(source)): - raise ValueError("trailing unparsed manifest content; simplify or install python3-yaml") - if not isinstance(data, dict): +def render(manifest_path: Path, template_path: Path) -> str: + scope = yaml.safe_load(manifest_path.read_text()) + if not isinstance(scope, dict): raise ValueError("manifest must be a mapping at the top level") - return data - - -# ----------------------------------------------------------------- templating - -_TOKEN = re.compile(r"({{.*?}}|{%.*?%})", re.DOTALL) -_FOR = re.compile(r"^for\s+(\w+)\s+in\s+([\w.]+)$") -_IF = re.compile(r"^if\s+([\w.]+)$") - - -@dataclass(frozen=True) -class Text: - value: str - - -@dataclass(frozen=True) -class Expr: - path: str - - -@dataclass(frozen=True) -class For: - var: str - path: str - body: tuple["Node", ...] - - -@dataclass(frozen=True) -class If: - path: str - body: tuple["Node", ...] - orelse: tuple["Node", ...] - - -Node = Union[Text, Expr, For, If] - - -class TemplateError(ValueError): - pass - - -def _lookup(path: str, scope: Scope) -> Yaml: - node: Yaml = scope # type: ignore[assignment] - for part in path.split("."): - if not isinstance(node, dict) or part not in node: - raise TemplateError(f"unresolved path {path!r} (missing {part!r})") - node = node[part] - return node - - -def _parse(tokens: list[str], pos: int, until: frozenset[str]) -> tuple[tuple[Node, ...], int, str]: - nodes: list[Node] = [] - while pos < len(tokens): - tok = tokens[pos] - if tok.startswith("{{"): - nodes.append(Expr(tok[2:-2].strip())) - pos += 1 - elif tok.startswith("{%"): - stmt = tok[2:-2].strip() - if stmt in until: - return tuple(nodes), pos + 1, stmt - if m := _FOR.match(stmt): - body, pos, _ = _parse(tokens, pos + 1, frozenset({"endfor"})) - nodes.append(For(m.group(1), m.group(2), body)) - elif m := _IF.match(stmt): - body, pos, closer = _parse(tokens, pos + 1, frozenset({"else", "endif"})) - orelse: tuple[Node, ...] = () - if closer == "else": - orelse, pos, _ = _parse(tokens, pos, frozenset({"endif"})) - nodes.append(If(m.group(1), body, orelse)) - else: - raise TemplateError(f"unsupported statement {stmt!r}") - else: - nodes.append(Text(tok)) - pos += 1 - if until: - raise TemplateError(f"unterminated block, expected one of {sorted(until)}") - return tuple(nodes), pos, "" - - -def _render(nodes: tuple[Node, ...], scope: Scope, out: list[str]) -> None: - for node in nodes: - if isinstance(node, Text): - out.append(node.value) - elif isinstance(node, Expr): - value = _lookup(node.path, scope) - if value is None or isinstance(value, (list, dict)): - raise TemplateError(f"{node.path!r} is not a printable scalar") - out.append(str(value)) - elif isinstance(node, For): - seq = _lookup(node.path, scope) - if not isinstance(seq, list): - raise TemplateError(f"{node.path!r} is not a list") - for item in seq: - _render(node.body, {**scope, node.var: item}, out) - else: - branch = node.body if _lookup(node.path, scope) else node.orelse - _render(branch, scope, out) - - -def render(template: str, scope: Scope) -> str: - nodes, _, _ = _parse(_TOKEN.split(template), 0, frozenset()) - out: list[str] = [] - _render(nodes, scope, out) - return "".join(out) + # Comment delimiter is remapped away from `{# #}` because the default + # collides with bash array-length syntax `${#name[@]}` in shell templates. + env = jinja2.Environment( + loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(str(template_path.parent)), + undefined=jinja2.StrictUndefined, + keep_trailing_newline=True, + comment_start_string="{##", + comment_end_string="##}", + ) + return env.get_template(template_path.name).render(scope) def main(argv: list[str]) -> int: if len(argv) != 3: print(__doc__, file=sys.stderr) return 2 - scope = load_manifest(Path(argv[1])) - sys.stdout.write(render(Path(argv[2]).read_text(), scope)) + sys.stdout.write(render(Path(argv[1]), Path(argv[2]))) return 0 diff --git a/.agents/skills/.gitkeep b/.agents/skills/.gitkeep new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index cac38384..8d966519 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -23,7 +23,16 @@ tmp/ __pycache__/ *.pyc +# uv-managed virtualenv for the pyproject +.venv/ + # agent session machinery (volatile) .agents/gnupg/ .agents/state/ .agents/agent-env.sh +.agents/agent-pubkey.asc +.agents/scratch/ +# rendered outputs of .agents/*.tmpl -- regenerated each session by render.py +.agents/bootstrap.sh +.agents/check.sh +.agents/healthcheck.sh diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 8e1f48cf..3b0c8c82 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -12,11 +12,30 @@ For more details on the Github Action workflow, see ## Agent sessions -At the start of every agent session: +The `.agents/` scaffold is opt-in tooling for reproducible agent-run review +sessions over the spec. The three shell scripts (`bootstrap.sh`, `check.sh`, +`healthcheck.sh`) are **rendered from `.agents/*.tmpl` and are not committed +-- regenerate them at the start of each session: - .agents/healthcheck.sh && .agents/bootstrap.sh && source .agents/agent-env.sh + for t in .agents/*.tmpl; do + uv run .agents/render.py .agents/manifest.yaml "$t" > "${t%.tmpl}" + chmod +x "${t%.tmpl}" + done + .agents/bootstrap.sh + [[ -r .agents/agent-env.sh ]] && source .agents/agent-env.sh -After changing `.agents/manifest.yaml`: re-render from the `.agents/*.tmpl` -templates (see `render.py`) and re-run bootstrap. A freshly minted agent key -(bootstrap logs "generating", not "reusing") must be re-registered on the -forge; the exported public key lives at `.agents/agent-pubkey.asc`. +`bootstrap.sh` installs system packages, installs `uv` if missing, runs +`uv sync` to provision the Python venv from `pyproject.toml`, and records +baselines that `healthcheck.sh` compares the live environment against. + +**Commit signing is opt-in.** The `agent:` block in `manifest.yaml` is +blank by default; bootstrap only mints a GPG signing key when you fill it +in with a name and email. Filling it in is a per-user choice -- treat the +blank template as the shared committed state and keep your populated copy +local. When you do configure signing, register the exported public key +(`gpg --homedir .agents/gnupg --armor --export `) on the forge before +your first push. + +Bundled skills for spec review/consistency work live under +`.agents/skills/` and are listed in `manifest.yaml`'s `skills:`. The +healthcheck confirms each listed skill still has a non-empty `SKILL.md`. diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dba72298 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyproject.toml @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +[project] +name = "415-docs" +version = "0.0.0" +description = "CMPUT 415 course specification documents (Sphinx sources)." +requires-python = ">=3.10" +dependencies = [ + "sphinx==6.2.1", + "sphinx-rtd-theme==1.2.0", + "jinja2>=3.1", + "pyyaml>=6.0", +] + +[tool.uv] +package = false From 40206c1240cd48de9c390a22a817117f831ecc17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 09:41:49 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 03/84] build(agents): bundle spec-review and grammar-consistency skills Populates .agents/skills/ with the two skills the repo will actually use during specification review, and lists them in manifest.yaml so the healthcheck notices if either goes missing. spec-review is the editorial/structural checklist a human maintainer runs before a spec chapter merges: build integrity (`sphinx-build -W -n`), heading hierarchy, `:term:`/`:ref:`/`:doc:` cross-reference integrity, admonition placement, gazc-backed sanity check on `.. code-block:: gazprea` examples, TODO/FIXME residue, and targeted sibling-file consistency spot-checks. grammar-consistency catches the cross-file syntactic-surface divergences that PRs like #116 (vector-vs-array) and #118 (precedence single-home) exist to fix. It compares the same grammar element (keyword, operator, named rule, type-form) as it appears in different chapters and reports disagreements without picking a winner -- consistency is orthogonal to correctness. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- .agents/manifest.yaml | 4 +- .agents/skills/.gitkeep | 0 .agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md | 117 +++++++++++++++++ .agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md | 131 ++++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 251 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) delete mode 100644 .agents/skills/.gitkeep create mode 100644 .agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md create mode 100644 .agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md diff --git a/.agents/manifest.yaml b/.agents/manifest.yaml index f2f3c343..22ee7780 100644 --- a/.agents/manifest.yaml +++ b/.agents/manifest.yaml @@ -41,7 +41,9 @@ agent: # Skills bundled with this repo for review/consistency work over the spec. # Each entry names a directory under `.agents/skills/` that contains a # SKILL.md file. The healthcheck asserts these directories still exist. -skills: [] +skills: + - spec-review + - grammar-consistency sentinels: - .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl diff --git a/.agents/skills/.gitkeep b/.agents/skills/.gitkeep deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29b..00000000 diff --git a/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d9a48c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +--- +name: grammar-consistency +description: Cross-file consistency check over Gazprea grammar fragments in the spec. Use this skill whenever a change touches syntactic surface -- EBNF rules, token definitions, precedence tables, keyword lists, punctuation shapes, or example programs that exercise disputed syntax. It compares the same grammar element as it appears in different spec files (and, when present, against the reference grammar in `gazc`) and reports the divergences a human editor would catch: a rule redefined with a different RHS, a keyword listed in one chapter but treated as an identifier in another, an operator whose precedence disagrees across the precedence table and its per-operator chapter. Do NOT use this for editorial review of a single chapter (that is [[spec-review]]) or for glossary consistency (that is `spec-glossary-audit` in the memory `gazprea-glossary-source-audit`). +--- + +# Grammar consistency + +Gazprea's syntax is currently described informally, spread across +`gazprea/spec/*.rst` and `gazprea/spec/types/*.rst`, without a single +Sphinx `.. productionlist::` directive to point at. That is precisely why +divergence is easy: a rule described in `expressions.rst` can quietly +disagree with the same rule as it appears in `types/array.rst`, and no +build step catches it. + +This skill's job is to find those disagreements. It does NOT harmonize +them -- picking the correct definition is the maintainer's call. + +## 1. What counts as a "grammar element" + +Any syntactic surface an author might restate in more than one chapter: + +- **Keywords**: reserved words listed in `keywords.rst`. Each occurrence + of the word elsewhere in the spec should either be the keyword's own + chapter's usage or a `` `keyword` `` literal, never an identifier in a + code sample. +- **Operators and punctuation**: symbols with a precedence, associativity, + or fixity claim. Cross-reference the precedence table (in + `expressions.rst` or `type_promotion.rst`) with the per-operator + chapters and example code. +- **Named grammar rules**: informal RHS descriptions like "an array + literal is `[` expression-list `]`" that appear in more than one file. + A rule with the same name but a different RHS across files is the + primary finding this skill produces. +- **Type-form syntax**: how a type is spelled at the source level + (`vector[N] of T`, `matrix[N,M] of T`, `T[N]`, tuple `(T, T)`, + identifier chains). Divergent forms across `types/*.rst` and their + users elsewhere in the spec are a common failure mode -- see PR #116 + (vector-vs-array) for a concrete instance. +- **Reserved punctuation shapes**: string/character delimiters, comment + syntax, statement terminators. + +## 2. Method + +Do NOT try to rebuild a full parser from the prose. The method is +pattern-based and cross-file, not lexical: + +1. **Enumerate the change surface.** From the diff (or a full-file scan + when no diff is given), extract each grammar element the file touches. + Store `(element, kind, file:line, RHS-or-claim-text)` rows. +2. **Find sibling occurrences.** For each element, grep the whole spec + for other files that name the same element (case-insensitive, with + simple morphology: singular/plural, hyphenation). Record the same + tuple for each hit. +3. **Compare RHS/claim text.** Two occurrences agree if a human reader + would produce the same parse from each. They diverge when: the RHS + uses a different set of nonterminals, the operator's precedence + number differs, the type-form's element order or delimiters differ, + or one occurrence names a keyword the other treats as an identifier. +4. **Consult the reference implementation when present.** If + `../gazc/` (or wherever the reference compiler lives on this + machine) contains a grammar file (`*.g4`, `*.lark`, hand-written + parser), compare each divergent element against it. The compiler's + accepted form is a strong hint but is not authoritative for the + spec -- report it as evidence, not verdict. + +## 3. Report structure + +Group findings by element, then by severity. For each element list every +site (`file:line`) with the RHS-or-claim excerpt, mark which pair(s) +diverge, and give a one-sentence characterization of the divergence. +Close with the machine-readable verdict: + + GRAMMAR-CONSISTENCY: agree | diverge + +`diverge` when any element has two occurrences whose claims disagree; +`agree` only when every element the change surface named checked out. + +## 4. Severity rubric + +- **blocking**: same element, contradictory RHS/precedence/keyword-status + across chapters -- either would be a valid parse but not both. A + reader following the spec would produce a program the other chapter + rejects. +- **advisory**: same element, same substance, different phrasing (e.g. + one chapter says "comma-separated list of expressions", the other + says "expression sequence separated by `,`"). Not wrong, but a + liability once someone tries to edit one without the other. +- **informational**: element appears in one file only. Log so a future + invocation can spot when a second occurrence appears. + +## 5. What this skill does NOT do + +- It does not propose the correct definition. Consistency is orthogonal + to correctness; the maintainer picks which occurrence to canonicalize + around. +- It does not lint prose. If the RHS is spelled correctly but the + surrounding paragraph is ungrammatical, that is [[spec-review]]'s + problem. +- It does not add `.. productionlist::` directives even when doing so + would trivially resolve a divergence. Migrating the spec to Sphinx + grammar directives is a separate initiative; this skill audits the + current state. +- It does not verify grammar rules against sample programs. Extracting + code blocks and running them through `gazc` is [[spec-review]] 2.5 + or the (unbundled) `spec-example-check` skill. + +## 6. Precedent + +- PR #116 (`spec(gazprea): scope the vector-array equivalence claim`) + is the archetypal finding this skill exists to catch: two chapters + making incompatible claims about whether a vector is (or is not) an + array. Rerun against it as a sanity check when adjusting the + skill's method. +- PR #118 (`refactor/precedence-single-home`) exists because the + precedence table was previously restated in multiple chapters -- + exactly the divergence pattern this skill is designed to prevent + from recurring. diff --git a/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d0e793f --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +--- +name: spec-review +description: Systematic editorial and structural review of one or more Sphinx source files in `gazprea/spec/`. Use this skill whenever you are asked to review, audit, sanity-check, or "read through" spec content in this repository -- including PR review over spec changes, pre-merge checks on a feature branch, or a fresh pass over an existing chapter. It defines the checklist a careful maintainer applies: heading hierarchy, cross-reference (`:ref:`, `:term:`, `:doc:`) integrity, glossary term coverage, admonition usage, RST directive correctness, unresolved TODO/FIXME/XXX markers, and a `gazc`-backed sanity check on inline Gazprea code blocks. Do NOT use this skill for grammar-fragment cross-consistency (that is [[grammar-consistency]]) or for glossary entry sourcing (that is the workflow in the memory `gazprea-glossary-source-audit`). +--- + +# Spec review + +You are reviewing Sphinx-format specification source in `gazprea/spec/`. The +goal is the review a human editor performs before a chapter merges: catch +structural problems, broken cross-references, missing glossary links, and +code examples that no longer parse -- without rewriting the author's prose. + +Scope this skill to spec content only (`gazprea/spec/**/*.rst`, +`gazprea/index.rst`). Non-spec RST (`base/`, `template/`, `info/`, other +languages under `scalc/`, `vcalc/`, `generator/`) is out of scope; if the +change touches those, note it and stop. + +## 1. Report structure + +Report findings in one grouped list, most-severe first. For each finding +give: file:line, category, one-sentence claim, and one concrete example of +how it manifests (what the reader sees, what breaks). Do not list what +passed -- silence means "checked, fine". End with a single-line verdict: + + SPEC-REVIEW: clean | advisory | blocking + +`blocking` when any finding would break the Sphinx build or a normative +claim; `advisory` for everything else; `clean` only when the checklist +below ran end-to-end with no findings. + +## 2. The checklist + +Apply these in order. Skip a section only when it does not apply (e.g. no +code blocks in the file), and say so in the report. + +### 2.1 Build integrity + +- `uv run sphinx-build -W -n -b html gazprea _build/spec-review` must + succeed. `-W` promotes warnings to errors, `-n` catches nitpicky + cross-reference misses. If it fails, that failure is the top finding + and the rest of the review runs against whatever survived. +- Any RST parse error, unknown directive, or unresolved `:ref:` / + `:term:` / `:doc:` reference is `blocking`. + +### 2.2 Heading hierarchy + +- Underline characters must form a consistent hierarchy within a file. + Sphinx accepts any set of characters, but re-using a character at a + different level in the same file collapses the TOC. +- Chapter files (top of `gazprea/spec/`) use `=` for the title, `-` for + sections, `~` for subsections, `^` for subsubsections. Nested files + under `types/` inherit from their parent -- do not restart at `=`. +- A single `=` title per file; skip a level (title, then `~` + subsubsection) is `blocking` because Sphinx silently promotes. + +### 2.3 Cross-references + +- Every normative term the file uses -- "L-value", "R-value", + "promotion", "constant expression", "identity value", etc. -- should + be a `:term:` link to `glossary.rst` on its first meaningful mention + in the file. Repeat mentions in the same section do not need to + re-link. +- Chapter-to-chapter references use `:doc:`, not raw text. Section + references use `:ref:` against an explicit label + (`.. _section-label:`) placed immediately above the heading. +- A `:term:` reference whose target does not exist in `glossary.rst` is + `blocking`. A missing `:term:` on a first mention of a defined term + is `advisory`. + +### 2.4 Admonitions and directives + +- Normative statements ("must", "shall") that are hidden in prose + should be lifted into `.. note::`, `.. warning::`, or `.. important::` + where the surrounding paragraphs make the emphasis worthwhile. Do + not over-lift; over-use of admonitions dilutes their signal. +- `.. code-block:: gazprea` is the correct language tag for inline + Gazprea samples (not `gz`, not `gazp`). Fenced examples without a + language tag lose syntax highlighting and are `advisory`. + +### 2.5 Code examples parse + +- Extract every ` .. code-block:: gazprea ` block in the file to a temp + directory, one file per block, and run `gazc --parse-only` (or + `--typecheck` when the block is a full program) on each. A block that + fails to parse or typecheck is `blocking` unless the surrounding + prose explicitly marks it as intentionally invalid ("this program is + rejected because..."). Store the parser output next to the extracted + file for the report. +- Do not attempt to lower or execute; parse/typecheck is enough for + spec review. Execution semantics belong in the test corpus. + +### 2.6 TODO / FIXME / XXX / editorial residue + +- `TODO`, `FIXME`, `XXX`, `NOTE:`, or bracketed `[ ... ]` placeholders + in shipping spec text are `blocking`. Comments-out placeholders in + RST (`.. TODO:`) are `advisory` -- flag but do not block. +- Trailing whitespace, tab characters (RST wants spaces), and mixed + indent within a directive body are `advisory`. + +### 2.7 Consistency with sibling files + +- If the file describes behavior that another file also describes + (e.g. `types/array.rst` and `types/vector.rst` on element-type + rules), spot-check that the two do not contradict. This is a + targeted check, not an exhaustive cross-file diff; that is + [[spec-lattice-consistency]] territory. +- If the file names a grammar fragment, delegate the fragment's + consistency to [[grammar-consistency]] and note in the report that + the delegation happened. + +## 3. Invocation contract + +The skill is invoked with a set of one or more files (a chapter, a +subsection, or a diff). Default to reviewing all files under +`gazprea/spec/` if no scope is given. + +For a PR review, restrict the code-example parse check to blocks that +were added or modified in the diff -- rerunning `gazc` over unchanged +blocks recomputes existing state and rarely surfaces new findings. + +## 4. What this skill does NOT do + +- It does not rewrite prose. Findings describe the problem; the author + fixes it. If a fix is trivial and mechanical (a broken `:term:` + target, a wrong language tag), propose the exact edit in the finding. +- It does not check normative correctness against the reference + implementation. That is a separate `spec-example-check` skill (not + bundled). +- It does not enforce style guide preferences that are not in this + checklist. If the repository grows a `STYLE.md`, add the checks + here; do not invent them ad hoc. From 1fe0a7a8e6d4240d78dad66cefe8c4196f734b8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 09:53:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 04/84] build(agents): bundle CI-parity check script in spec-review skill Adds .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh, which runs the same two checks CI does before a spec change hits the remote: * Sphinx build across every doc subdir in the top-level Makefile (setup, generator, lolcode, vcalc, gazprea, info), with -W -n so warnings and unresolved cross-references become errors -- stricter than the CI deploy step's own `make html`. * lychee over the exact file globs and args CI's linkcheck.yml uses, self-installing the binary from lycheeverse's installer or cargo when it is missing rather than silently skipping the check. Sub-modes `sphinx` and `links` scope the run to one workflow's worth of checks. The SKILL.md checklist's "build integrity" step now points at the script instead of open-coding the sphinx-build invocation. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- .agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md | 35 +++++++-- .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) create mode 100755 .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh diff --git a/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md index 2d0e793f..be7db778 100644 --- a/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md +++ b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md @@ -33,14 +33,33 @@ below ran end-to-end with no findings. Apply these in order. Skip a section only when it does not apply (e.g. no code blocks in the file), and say so in the report. -### 2.1 Build integrity - -- `uv run sphinx-build -W -n -b html gazprea _build/spec-review` must - succeed. `-W` promotes warnings to errors, `-n` catches nitpicky - cross-reference misses. If it fails, that failure is the top finding - and the rest of the review runs against whatever survived. -- Any RST parse error, unknown directive, or unresolved `:ref:` / - `:term:` / `:doc:` reference is `blocking`. +### 2.1 Build integrity + CI parity + +Run the bundled `check-ci.sh` from this skill's directory: + + .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh + +It mirrors the two CI workflows on the repo: + +- `.github/workflows/deploySite.yml` -- Sphinx build over every doc + subdirectory listed in the top-level Makefile + (`setup generator lolcode vcalc gazprea info`). Run with + `-W -n` locally so warnings become errors and unresolved + `:ref:`/`:term:`/`:doc:` references surface; CI's own Sphinx step + is less strict, so passing locally is a stronger guarantee. +- `.github/workflows/linkcheck.yml` -- `lychee` over the same file + globs and args CI uses (`--exclude-path base/index.html + --exclude-all-private '**/*.md' '**/*.rst' '**/*.html' '**/*.tex'`). + The script installs lychee via `cargo install` or the upstream + installer if the binary is missing; if it cannot, the check hard-fails + rather than skipping silently. + +Any Sphinx warning that becomes an error, any RST parse failure, +any unresolved cross-reference, and any lychee-reported broken link +is `blocking`. + +Sub-modes: pass `sphinx` or `links` to run just one workflow's +worth of checks (`.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh sphinx`). ### 2.2 Heading hierarchy diff --git a/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh b/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh new file mode 100755 index 00000000..a4179523 --- /dev/null +++ b/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# Run the same checks CI runs, locally, before pushing a spec change. +# +# Mirrors: +# .github/workflows/deploySite.yml -- Sphinx html+latexpdf across all doc +# subdirs (setup, generator, lolcode, +# vcalc, gazprea, info). +# .github/workflows/linkcheck.yml -- lychee over **/*.{md,rst,html,tex} +# with the CI arg set. +# +# Usage: +# .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh [sphinx|links|all] +# +# Default is `all`. Exits non-zero on the first failing check. + +set -uo pipefail + +SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" +REPO_ROOT="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/../../.." && pwd)" +cd "${REPO_ROOT}" + +# Match the DIRS variable in the top-level Makefile so we build the exact set +# CI builds. Update in lockstep with Makefile:DIRS if that list changes. +SPHINX_DIRS=(setup generator lolcode vcalc gazprea info) + +# Match lychee-action's `args:` field in linkcheck.yml exactly. +LYCHEE_ARGS=(--verbose --no-progress --exclude-path base/index.html --exclude-all-private) +LYCHEE_GLOBS=('**/*.md' '**/*.rst' '**/*.html' '**/*.tex') + +failures=0 +step_fail() { printf '[check-ci] FAIL: %s\n' "$*" >&2; failures=$((failures + 1)); } +step_ok() { printf '[check-ci] ok: %s\n' "$*"; } +step_skip() { printf '[check-ci] skip: %s\n' "$*"; } + +need_uv() { + if ! command -v uv >/dev/null; then + printf '[check-ci] ERROR: uv not on PATH; run .agents/bootstrap.sh first\n' >&2 + exit 2 + fi +} + +run_sphinx() { + need_uv + local d + for d in "${SPHINX_DIRS[@]}"; do + if [[ ! -f "${d}/conf.py" ]]; then + step_skip "sphinx ${d} (no conf.py)" + continue + fi + # -W: warnings are errors (matches the strictness a reviewer wants; CI's + # `make html` does not set -W but the reviewer's ratchet is stricter + # than CI's minimum). + # -n: nit-picky; catches unresolved :ref:/:term:/:doc: references. + # -q: quiet; a failing build still prints the offending file+line. + if uv run sphinx-build -W -n -q -b html "${d}" "${d}/_build/html" 2>&1 \ + | sed "s|^|[${d}] |"; then + step_ok "sphinx ${d}" + else + step_fail "sphinx ${d} (see output above)" + fi + done +} + +ensure_lychee() { + if command -v lychee >/dev/null; then return 0; fi + # lychee ships pre-built binaries; try the installer script from the + # lycheeverse project. If the network is unavailable, fail loudly rather + # than silently skipping -- an absent link check is worse than a slow one. + printf '[check-ci] installing lychee (matches lycheeverse/lychee-action)\n' + if command -v cargo >/dev/null; then + cargo install lychee --locked >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1 + else + curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lycheeverse/lychee/master/install.sh \ + | bash -s -- -b "${HOME}/.local/bin" >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1 + export PATH="${HOME}/.local/bin:${PATH}" + fi + command -v lychee >/dev/null +} + +run_links() { + if ! ensure_lychee; then + step_fail "lychee unavailable; install manually (see lycheeverse/lychee README)" + return + fi + if lychee "${LYCHEE_ARGS[@]}" "${LYCHEE_GLOBS[@]}"; then + step_ok "lychee" + else + step_fail "lychee (broken or unreachable links; see output above)" + fi +} + +case "${1:-all}" in + sphinx) run_sphinx ;; + links) run_links ;; + all) run_sphinx; run_links ;; + *) printf 'usage: %s [sphinx|links|all]\n' "$0" >&2; exit 2 ;; +esac + +if ((failures)); then + printf '[check-ci] %d check(s) failed\n' "${failures}" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +printf '[check-ci] all checks passed\n' From 6e2bbba428c98baec7e5b02eecae5d7579526d2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 15:47:18 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 05/84] chore(agents): point .agents/ at the DocsDev image and rewrite skills Address the review on #110: - manifest.yaml now names ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev as the preferred environment; native apt/uv path stays as a fallback. - README.md documents the docker-first flow, keeps the "regenerate on session start" note, and explicitly frames signing as opt-in and non-prescriptive. - bootstrap.sh.tmpl trims the block-level commentary the reviewer called out; identity handling stays gated on a populated agent block. - skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md is rewritten to audit English prose (spelling, passive voice, subject/tense, terminology, technical-writing anti-patterns). Deriving the Gazprea grammar from the informal spec is a student exercise and is now out of scope. - skills/spec-review/SKILL.md swaps the hand-rolled check-ci.sh for act-based workflow replay (act ships in the DocsDev image) and points at grammar-consistency for prose review. - Removes .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh (subsumed by act). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- .agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl | 39 +--- .agents/manifest.yaml | 29 ++- .agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md | 240 +++++++++++--------- .agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md | 52 +++-- .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh | 103 --------- README.md | 40 +++- 6 files changed, 218 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-) delete mode 100755 .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh diff --git a/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl index 4ef5f0c2..490fa1f1 100644 --- a/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl +++ b/.agents/bootstrap.sh.tmpl @@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ set -euo pipefail AGENTS_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" STATE_DIR="${AGENTS_DIR}/state" mkdir -p "${STATE_DIR}" -cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." # sentinel paths in the manifest are workspace-relative +cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." log() { printf '[bootstrap] %s\n' "$*"; } fail() { printf '[bootstrap] ERROR: %s\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; } # ---------------------------------------------------------------- apt packages -# Non-interactive frontend for unattended installs [nixcraft-debianfrontend]. export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive APT_PACKAGES=( @@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ fi missing=() for spec in "${APT_PACKAGES[@]}"; do name="${spec%%=*}" - # dpkg-query, not command -v, is the authoritative install test [arslan2019] if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' "${name}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'install ok installed'; then missing+=("${spec}") fi @@ -38,36 +36,26 @@ done if ((${#missing[@]})); then log "installing: ${missing[*]}" - # a single unreachable third-party source must not block bootstrap; - # the install below is the real gate - ${SUDO} apt-get update -q || log "warning: apt-get update failed for some sources; attempting install anyway" + ${SUDO} apt-get update -q || log "apt-get update warning; attempting install anyway" ${SUDO} apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends "${missing[@]}" else log "apt dependencies already satisfied" fi # ------------------------------------------------------------------------ uv -# Astral's uv is our Python package manager; installed here rather than via -# apt so the pinned version is reproducible across distros [uv-install]. if ! command -v uv >/dev/null; then - log "installing uv from astral.sh" + log "installing uv" curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh - # The installer drops uv into ~/.local/bin; make it discoverable for the - # rest of this shell without requiring the user to re-source their profile. export PATH="${HOME}/.local/bin:${PATH}" command -v uv >/dev/null || fail "uv install completed but binary not on PATH" fi log "uv $(uv --version | awk '{print $2}')" -# Sync the project venv from pyproject.toml. --frozen would require a -# checked-in uv.lock; we allow a soft sync so contributors don't have to -# regenerate the lock on every dependency bump [uv-sync]. (cd "${AGENTS_DIR}/.." && uv sync) -# ------------------------------------------------------- ephemeral signing key -# Identity is optional. Bootstrap only mints a GPG key when the manifest's -# `agent:` block names an identity; otherwise signing is left to the user's -# own git configuration. +# ------------------------------------------------------- optional signing key +# Only mints a key when the manifest names an identity. Otherwise signing is +# left to whatever the user has configured in git. AGENT_GIT_NAME="{{ agent.name or '' }}" AGENT_GIT_EMAIL="{{ agent.email or '' }}" @@ -76,7 +64,6 @@ if [[ -n "${AGENT_GIT_NAME}" && -n "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" ]]; then AGENT_UID="${AGENT_GIT_NAME} <${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}>" live_fpr() { - # sec validity 'e' = expired, 'r' = revoked: treat both as absent gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-secret-keys --with-colons "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" 2>/dev/null \ | awk -F: '$1=="sec" && $2!="e" && $2!="r" {take=1; next} take && $1=="fpr" {print $10; exit}' @@ -84,24 +71,17 @@ if [[ -n "${AGENT_GIT_NAME}" && -n "${AGENT_GIT_EMAIL}" ]]; then fpr="$(live_fpr || true)" if [[ -z "${fpr}" ]]; then - log "generating ephemeral agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" + log "generating agent key for ${AGENT_UID}" rm -rf "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" mkdir -p "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" && chmod 700 "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" - # Unattended, passphrase-less by design: the key is short-lived and local, - # a bookkeeping marker rather than a long-term credential [gnupg-keymgmt] gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --batch --pinentry-mode loopback --passphrase '' \ --quick-generate-key "${AGENT_UID}" ed25519 sign "{{ agent.key_expiry or '1w' }}" fpr="$(live_fpr)" [[ -n "${fpr}" ]] || fail "key generation produced no usable secret key" else - log "reusing live agent key ${fpr}" + log "reusing agent key ${fpr}" fi - expiry_epoch="$(gpg --homedir "${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}" --list-keys --with-colons "${fpr}" \ - | awk -F: '$1=="pub" {print $7; exit}')" - log "key ${fpr} expires $(date -u -d "@${expiry_epoch}" '+%Y-%m-%d' 2>/dev/null || echo 'never')" - log "export the public key with: gpg --homedir '${AGENT_GNUPGHOME}' --armor --export ${fpr}" - cat > "${AGENTS_DIR}/agent-env.sh" < "${STATE_DIR}/manifest.sha256" : > "${STATE_DIR}/dpkg-versions.txt" diff --git a/.agents/manifest.yaml b/.agents/manifest.yaml index 22ee7780..d638ab8b 100644 --- a/.agents/manifest.yaml +++ b/.agents/manifest.yaml @@ -1,11 +1,20 @@ # Render context for .agents/*.tmpl and desired state for healthcheck.sh. -# This file is committed; identity is intentionally left blank. Each user -# fills in an `agent:` block locally (or leaves it empty to skip signing). +# Committed with a blank agent identity; users fill it in locally (or leave +# it blank to skip signing entirely). Identity is not prescribed by this +# repo. project: 415-docs -# System packages the bootstrap installs via apt. Python packages are managed -# separately by uv (see `pyproject.toml`), not apt. +# Preferred way to run a review session: pull the DocsDev image maintained +# in cmput415/ci-utils. It bundles sphinx, latexmk, texlive, lychee, act, +# uv, graphviz, and gnupg, so the apt_packages/commands blocks below are +# only exercised when running natively without the image. +docker: + image: ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev:latest + source: https://github.com/cmput415/ci-utils/tree/main/DocsDev + +# apt packages the bootstrap installs when running natively. Python +# packages are managed separately by uv (see `pyproject.toml`). apt_packages: - name: gnupg version: null @@ -14,9 +23,8 @@ apt_packages: - name: curl version: null -# Runnable-on-PATH checks. `uv` is bootstrapped by the install script itself -# when missing (curl-piped from astral.sh), so it belongs in commands rather -# than apt_packages. +# Runnable-on-PATH checks. `uv` is bootstrapped by the install script when +# missing, so it belongs in commands rather than apt_packages. commands: - cmd: gpg package: gnupg @@ -28,11 +36,8 @@ commands: package: uv version_flag: --version -# Signing identity for `git agent-commit`. Leave every field null/empty to -# opt out of GPG entirely -- bootstrap will skip key generation, and check / -# healthcheck will not require an agent key. To opt in, fill in name/email -# (and optionally key_expiry, default `1w`); the identity you put here is -# yours to choose. Not prescribed by this repo. +# Signing identity for `git agent-commit`. Blank by default -- fill in +# locally to opt in; leave blank to skip GPG entirely. Not prescribed. agent: name: null email: null diff --git a/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md index d9a48c05..80fe3e6c 100644 --- a/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md +++ b/.agents/skills/grammar-consistency/SKILL.md @@ -1,117 +1,143 @@ --- name: grammar-consistency -description: Cross-file consistency check over Gazprea grammar fragments in the spec. Use this skill whenever a change touches syntactic surface -- EBNF rules, token definitions, precedence tables, keyword lists, punctuation shapes, or example programs that exercise disputed syntax. It compares the same grammar element as it appears in different spec files (and, when present, against the reference grammar in `gazc`) and reports the divergences a human editor would catch: a rule redefined with a different RHS, a keyword listed in one chapter but treated as an identifier in another, an operator whose precedence disagrees across the precedence table and its per-operator chapter. Do NOT use this for editorial review of a single chapter (that is [[spec-review]]) or for glossary consistency (that is `spec-glossary-audit` in the memory `gazprea-glossary-source-audit`). +description: English-prose consistency check over the spec. Use whenever a change touches Sphinx RST under `gazprea/spec/` (or a sibling doc directory) and you want to catch the writing-quality issues a careful copy-editor would: spelling and typos, unjustified passive voice, subject/tense drift within a paragraph, inconsistent terminology, agreement errors, and technical-writing anti-patterns (weasel words, wandering pronouns, unmotivated jargon). This skill audits English usage only -- it does NOT critique the Gazprea language grammar or its EBNF surface. Deriving the Gazprea grammar from the informal spec examples is part of the assignment for CMPUT 415 students, so keep grammar-of-Gazprea observations out of the report. Pair with [[spec-review]] for structural/build/reference review of the same files. --- -# Grammar consistency - -Gazprea's syntax is currently described informally, spread across -`gazprea/spec/*.rst` and `gazprea/spec/types/*.rst`, without a single -Sphinx `.. productionlist::` directive to point at. That is precisely why -divergence is easy: a rule described in `expressions.rst` can quietly -disagree with the same rule as it appears in `types/array.rst`, and no -build step catches it. - -This skill's job is to find those disagreements. It does NOT harmonize -them -- picking the correct definition is the maintainer's call. - -## 1. What counts as a "grammar element" - -Any syntactic surface an author might restate in more than one chapter: - -- **Keywords**: reserved words listed in `keywords.rst`. Each occurrence - of the word elsewhere in the spec should either be the keyword's own - chapter's usage or a `` `keyword` `` literal, never an identifier in a - code sample. -- **Operators and punctuation**: symbols with a precedence, associativity, - or fixity claim. Cross-reference the precedence table (in - `expressions.rst` or `type_promotion.rst`) with the per-operator - chapters and example code. -- **Named grammar rules**: informal RHS descriptions like "an array - literal is `[` expression-list `]`" that appear in more than one file. - A rule with the same name but a different RHS across files is the - primary finding this skill produces. -- **Type-form syntax**: how a type is spelled at the source level - (`vector[N] of T`, `matrix[N,M] of T`, `T[N]`, tuple `(T, T)`, - identifier chains). Divergent forms across `types/*.rst` and their - users elsewhere in the spec are a common failure mode -- see PR #116 - (vector-vs-array) for a concrete instance. -- **Reserved punctuation shapes**: string/character delimiters, comment - syntax, statement terminators. +# Grammar consistency (English prose) + +The Gazprea spec is written for students who then implement a compiler +from it. Ambiguity in the English prose costs student time and produces +divergent implementations; this skill catches that ambiguity before it +ships. Scope is strictly English usage in the RST sources. The Gazprea +language's own grammar is intentionally out of scope -- the exercise for +students is to derive it from the examples and clarify with the reference +compiler where needed. + +## 1. What to look for + +Apply the checks below to every paragraph of prose the change touches +(chapter body, admonition body, list items, table cells). Skip fenced +code samples (``.. code-block::``) and directive arguments. + +### 1.1 Spelling and typography + +- Real typos and misspellings (`recieve`, `seperate`, `occured`). +- Locale drift within a single file: pick either US (`initialize`, + `behavior`) or UK (`initialise`, `behaviour`) and hold it. The spec's + established convention is US spelling; flag UK spellings as changes to + align, not stylistic preferences. +- Straight vs. curly quotes: RST source uses straight quotes; a curly + quote copied in from a word processor is a build-time hazard. +- Doubled words (`the the`, `to to`) and stray whitespace inside + sentences. +- Product/library/tool names spelled inconsistently (`Sphinx` vs. + `sphinx`, `GitHub` vs. `Github`, `Gazprea` vs. `gazprea` when used as a + proper noun in prose rather than a code identifier). + +### 1.2 Passive voice + +Passive voice is not forbidden, but it should be justified. Flag a +passive construction when: + +- The agent is important and the sentence hides it ("the value is + promoted" -- by what?), especially in normative statements. +- The passive is being used to duck a shall/must claim ("errors are + raised" instead of "the implementation shall raise an error"). +- Two consecutive sentences are both passive and could be flipped to + active without loss. + +Leave passives alone when the agent is genuinely irrelevant, when the +patient is the topic of the paragraph, or when the active form would +require inventing a subject the spec does not otherwise name. + +### 1.3 Subject and tense consistency + +- Subject drift inside a paragraph: `you` -> `the programmer` -> `one` -> + `we` across three sentences forces the reader to re-resolve reference. + Pick one and hold it for the paragraph (the spec's default is `the + program` / `the implementation` for normative claims and `you` for + tutorial-style prose). +- Tense drift: normative statements should stay in the present indicative + (`the type is`, `the operator returns`), not slip into future + (`the type will be`) or subjunctive (`the type would be`) except when + the surrounding logic genuinely requires it. +- Number agreement: `each of the operators return` -> `returns`; + `a list of expressions are` -> `is`. + +### 1.4 Terminology consistency + +- The same concept named two ways in the same file: `element type` vs. + `component type`, `bounds check` vs. `range check`, `identity value` + vs. `zero value`. Pick one per file (ideally per chapter) and note the + divergence. +- Glossary terms used without `:term:` on first mention within a section. + Cross-check against `gazprea/spec/glossary.rst`. +- Editorial synonyms creeping in ("a.k.a.", "or, equivalently", "in + other words") that redefine a term already introduced elsewhere. + +### 1.5 Technical-writing anti-patterns + +- Weasel words in normative prose: `may`, `might`, `could`, `probably`, + `should` (when the RFC 2119 meaning is intended, use `MUST`/`SHALL` + explicitly in a `.. note::`). +- Ambiguous pronouns: `this`, `that`, `it` without an unambiguous + antecedent in the previous sentence. +- Unmotivated jargon: a term introduced without definition on first use. +- Overloaded phrasing: `the type of the type` type constructions where a + rewrite would flatten the sentence. +- Long sentences (>~40 words) that could be split without losing the + logical connective; especially in normative claims. ## 2. Method -Do NOT try to rebuild a full parser from the prose. The method is -pattern-based and cross-file, not lexical: - -1. **Enumerate the change surface.** From the diff (or a full-file scan - when no diff is given), extract each grammar element the file touches. - Store `(element, kind, file:line, RHS-or-claim-text)` rows. -2. **Find sibling occurrences.** For each element, grep the whole spec - for other files that name the same element (case-insensitive, with - simple morphology: singular/plural, hyphenation). Record the same - tuple for each hit. -3. **Compare RHS/claim text.** Two occurrences agree if a human reader - would produce the same parse from each. They diverge when: the RHS - uses a different set of nonterminals, the operator's precedence - number differs, the type-form's element order or delimiters differ, - or one occurrence names a keyword the other treats as an identifier. -4. **Consult the reference implementation when present.** If - `../gazc/` (or wherever the reference compiler lives on this - machine) contains a grammar file (`*.g4`, `*.lark`, hand-written - parser), compare each divergent element against it. The compiler's - accepted form is a strong hint but is not authoritative for the - spec -- report it as evidence, not verdict. +1. **Extract the prose surface** from the diff (or full-file scan). RST + sources contain both prose and directives; strip directive bodies + before running text checks. +2. **Run mechanical checks first** (spelling, doubled words, quote style, + locale). These are cheap and their output frames what a human editor + would then look at. +3. **Read the prose sequentially** to catch subject/tense/terminology + drift; these require paragraph-level context and are not reliably + caught by tooling. +4. **Cross-reference terminology** against `glossary.rst` and the file's + own first-use conventions. +5. **Compose with [[spec-review]]** for anything that is structural + rather than prose (cross-references, heading hierarchy, code-block + correctness). Do not duplicate its findings. ## 3. Report structure -Group findings by element, then by severity. For each element list every -site (`file:line`) with the RHS-or-claim excerpt, mark which pair(s) -diverge, and give a one-sentence characterization of the divergence. -Close with the machine-readable verdict: - - GRAMMAR-CONSISTENCY: agree | diverge - -`diverge` when any element has two occurrences whose claims disagree; -`agree` only when every element the change surface named checked out. - -## 4. Severity rubric - -- **blocking**: same element, contradictory RHS/precedence/keyword-status - across chapters -- either would be a valid parse but not both. A - reader following the spec would produce a program the other chapter - rejects. -- **advisory**: same element, same substance, different phrasing (e.g. - one chapter says "comma-separated list of expressions", the other - says "expression sequence separated by `,`"). Not wrong, but a - liability once someone tries to edit one without the other. -- **informational**: element appears in one file only. Log so a future - invocation can spot when a second occurrence appears. - -## 5. What this skill does NOT do - -- It does not propose the correct definition. Consistency is orthogonal - to correctness; the maintainer picks which occurrence to canonicalize - around. -- It does not lint prose. If the RHS is spelled correctly but the - surrounding paragraph is ungrammatical, that is [[spec-review]]'s - problem. -- It does not add `.. productionlist::` directives even when doing so - would trivially resolve a divergence. Migrating the spec to Sphinx - grammar directives is a separate initiative; this skill audits the - current state. -- It does not verify grammar rules against sample programs. Extracting - code blocks and running them through `gazc` is [[spec-review]] 2.5 - or the (unbundled) `spec-example-check` skill. - -## 6. Precedent - -- PR #116 (`spec(gazprea): scope the vector-array equivalence claim`) - is the archetypal finding this skill exists to catch: two chapters - making incompatible claims about whether a vector is (or is not) an - array. Rerun against it as a sanity check when adjusting the - skill's method. -- PR #118 (`refactor/precedence-single-home`) exists because the - precedence table was previously restated in multiple chapters -- - exactly the divergence pattern this skill is designed to prevent - from recurring. +Group findings by category (spelling, passive voice, subject/tense, +terminology, anti-patterns). Within each category list `file:line`, +a one-sentence claim, and a concrete rewrite where the fix is +mechanical. Do not list what passed. Close with the machine-readable +verdict: + + GRAMMAR-CONSISTENCY: clean | advisory | blocking + +`blocking` when a defect changes the meaning of a normative statement or +would confuse a student implementing from the spec; `advisory` for +readability improvements that do not change meaning; `clean` when the +prose surface the change touched has no findings. + +## 4. What this skill does NOT do + +- It does not comment on the Gazprea language's own grammar, EBNF, or + syntax rules. That is the students' exercise; the spec's informal + examples are the intended interface. +- It does not rewrite prose beyond mechanical fixes; the author decides + substantive rewrites. +- It does not lint the code inside `.. code-block::` blocks -- that is + [[spec-review]] 2.5 (parse/typecheck via the reference compiler). +- It does not enforce a house style guide that is not documented in this + file. If the repo adds a `STYLE.md`, port the checks here rather than + inventing them ad hoc. + +## 5. Composition + +- Run [[spec-review]] first for structural/build issues, then this skill + for prose quality. A file that is structurally broken (build fails, refs + unresolved) is not worth a prose pass yet. +- If the change touches only prose, this skill runs first and + [[spec-review]] runs as a lighter follow-up (skip the parse-block + step). diff --git a/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md index be7db778..5b981acf 100644 --- a/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md +++ b/.agents/skills/spec-review/SKILL.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- name: spec-review -description: Systematic editorial and structural review of one or more Sphinx source files in `gazprea/spec/`. Use this skill whenever you are asked to review, audit, sanity-check, or "read through" spec content in this repository -- including PR review over spec changes, pre-merge checks on a feature branch, or a fresh pass over an existing chapter. It defines the checklist a careful maintainer applies: heading hierarchy, cross-reference (`:ref:`, `:term:`, `:doc:`) integrity, glossary term coverage, admonition usage, RST directive correctness, unresolved TODO/FIXME/XXX markers, and a `gazc`-backed sanity check on inline Gazprea code blocks. Do NOT use this skill for grammar-fragment cross-consistency (that is [[grammar-consistency]]) or for glossary entry sourcing (that is the workflow in the memory `gazprea-glossary-source-audit`). +description: Systematic editorial and structural review of one or more Sphinx source files in `gazprea/spec/`. Use this skill whenever you are asked to review, audit, sanity-check, or "read through" spec content in this repository -- including PR review over spec changes, pre-merge checks on a feature branch, or a fresh pass over an existing chapter. It defines the checklist a careful maintainer applies: heading hierarchy, cross-reference (`:ref:`, `:term:`, `:doc:`) integrity, glossary term coverage, admonition usage, RST directive correctness, unresolved TODO/FIXME/XXX markers, and a `gazc`-backed sanity check on inline Gazprea code blocks. Compose with [[grammar-consistency]] for English-prose quality on the same files (spelling, passive voice, subject/tense drift, terminology); this skill deliberately does not cover those. Glossary entry sourcing lives in the memory `gazprea-glossary-source-audit`. --- # Spec review @@ -35,31 +35,32 @@ code blocks in the file), and say so in the report. ### 2.1 Build integrity + CI parity -Run the bundled `check-ci.sh` from this skill's directory: +Replay the real CI workflows locally with [`act`](https://github.com/nektos/act) +rather than a hand-rolled shell harness. `act` is preinstalled in the +DocsDev image (`ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev`); if you are running natively, +install it once and re-use across sessions. - .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh + act -j build # replays .github/workflows/deploySite.yml + act -j linkcheck # replays .github/workflows/linkcheck.yml (if present) -It mirrors the two CI workflows on the repo: +The two workflows cover: -- `.github/workflows/deploySite.yml` -- Sphinx build over every doc - subdirectory listed in the top-level Makefile - (`setup generator lolcode vcalc gazprea info`). Run with - `-W -n` locally so warnings become errors and unresolved - `:ref:`/`:term:`/`:doc:` references surface; CI's own Sphinx step - is less strict, so passing locally is a stronger guarantee. -- `.github/workflows/linkcheck.yml` -- `lychee` over the same file - globs and args CI uses (`--exclude-path base/index.html - --exclude-all-private '**/*.md' '**/*.rst' '**/*.html' '**/*.tex'`). - The script installs lychee via `cargo install` or the upstream - installer if the binary is missing; if it cannot, the check hard-fails - rather than skipping silently. +- `deploySite.yml` -- Sphinx html + latexpdf over every doc subdirectory + listed in the top-level Makefile (`setup generator lolcode vcalc + gazprea info`). +- `linkcheck.yml` -- `lychee` over the file globs and args CI uses. -Any Sphinx warning that becomes an error, any RST parse failure, -any unresolved cross-reference, and any lychee-reported broken link -is `blocking`. +Any Sphinx warning that becomes an error, any RST parse failure, any +unresolved cross-reference, and any `lychee`-reported broken link is +`blocking`. -Sub-modes: pass `sphinx` or `links` to run just one workflow's -worth of checks (`.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh sphinx`). +For a stricter local pass than CI's own Sphinx step, invoke the build +directly with warnings-as-errors and nit-picky mode after (or instead of) +the workflow replay: + + uv run sphinx-build -W -n -q -b html gazprea gazprea/_build/html + +Passing this stricter form is a stronger guarantee than passing CI alone. ### 2.2 Heading hierarchy @@ -123,9 +124,12 @@ worth of checks (`.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh sphinx`). rules), spot-check that the two do not contradict. This is a targeted check, not an exhaustive cross-file diff; that is [[spec-lattice-consistency]] territory. -- If the file names a grammar fragment, delegate the fragment's - consistency to [[grammar-consistency]] and note in the report that - the delegation happened. +- Prose-quality review (spelling, passive voice, subject/tense drift, + terminology consistency) is out of scope for this skill; run + [[grammar-consistency]] over the same files and note that the + delegation happened. The two skills are designed to compose: run this + one first for structural/build issues, then grammar-consistency for + the English pass. ## 3. Invocation contract diff --git a/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh b/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh deleted file mode 100755 index a4179523..00000000 --- a/.agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,103 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env bash -# Run the same checks CI runs, locally, before pushing a spec change. -# -# Mirrors: -# .github/workflows/deploySite.yml -- Sphinx html+latexpdf across all doc -# subdirs (setup, generator, lolcode, -# vcalc, gazprea, info). -# .github/workflows/linkcheck.yml -- lychee over **/*.{md,rst,html,tex} -# with the CI arg set. -# -# Usage: -# .agents/skills/spec-review/check-ci.sh [sphinx|links|all] -# -# Default is `all`. Exits non-zero on the first failing check. - -set -uo pipefail - -SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" -REPO_ROOT="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/../../.." && pwd)" -cd "${REPO_ROOT}" - -# Match the DIRS variable in the top-level Makefile so we build the exact set -# CI builds. Update in lockstep with Makefile:DIRS if that list changes. -SPHINX_DIRS=(setup generator lolcode vcalc gazprea info) - -# Match lychee-action's `args:` field in linkcheck.yml exactly. -LYCHEE_ARGS=(--verbose --no-progress --exclude-path base/index.html --exclude-all-private) -LYCHEE_GLOBS=('**/*.md' '**/*.rst' '**/*.html' '**/*.tex') - -failures=0 -step_fail() { printf '[check-ci] FAIL: %s\n' "$*" >&2; failures=$((failures + 1)); } -step_ok() { printf '[check-ci] ok: %s\n' "$*"; } -step_skip() { printf '[check-ci] skip: %s\n' "$*"; } - -need_uv() { - if ! command -v uv >/dev/null; then - printf '[check-ci] ERROR: uv not on PATH; run .agents/bootstrap.sh first\n' >&2 - exit 2 - fi -} - -run_sphinx() { - need_uv - local d - for d in "${SPHINX_DIRS[@]}"; do - if [[ ! -f "${d}/conf.py" ]]; then - step_skip "sphinx ${d} (no conf.py)" - continue - fi - # -W: warnings are errors (matches the strictness a reviewer wants; CI's - # `make html` does not set -W but the reviewer's ratchet is stricter - # than CI's minimum). - # -n: nit-picky; catches unresolved :ref:/:term:/:doc: references. - # -q: quiet; a failing build still prints the offending file+line. - if uv run sphinx-build -W -n -q -b html "${d}" "${d}/_build/html" 2>&1 \ - | sed "s|^|[${d}] |"; then - step_ok "sphinx ${d}" - else - step_fail "sphinx ${d} (see output above)" - fi - done -} - -ensure_lychee() { - if command -v lychee >/dev/null; then return 0; fi - # lychee ships pre-built binaries; try the installer script from the - # lycheeverse project. If the network is unavailable, fail loudly rather - # than silently skipping -- an absent link check is worse than a slow one. - printf '[check-ci] installing lychee (matches lycheeverse/lychee-action)\n' - if command -v cargo >/dev/null; then - cargo install lychee --locked >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1 - else - curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lycheeverse/lychee/master/install.sh \ - | bash -s -- -b "${HOME}/.local/bin" >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1 - export PATH="${HOME}/.local/bin:${PATH}" - fi - command -v lychee >/dev/null -} - -run_links() { - if ! ensure_lychee; then - step_fail "lychee unavailable; install manually (see lycheeverse/lychee README)" - return - fi - if lychee "${LYCHEE_ARGS[@]}" "${LYCHEE_GLOBS[@]}"; then - step_ok "lychee" - else - step_fail "lychee (broken or unreachable links; see output above)" - fi -} - -case "${1:-all}" in - sphinx) run_sphinx ;; - links) run_links ;; - all) run_sphinx; run_links ;; - *) printf 'usage: %s [sphinx|links|all]\n' "$0" >&2; exit 2 ;; -esac - -if ((failures)); then - printf '[check-ci] %d check(s) failed\n' "${failures}" >&2 - exit 1 -fi -printf '[check-ci] all checks passed\n' diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 3b0c8c82..28b6b54f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -13,9 +13,28 @@ For more details on the Github Action workflow, see ## Agent sessions The `.agents/` scaffold is opt-in tooling for reproducible agent-run review -sessions over the spec. The three shell scripts (`bootstrap.sh`, `check.sh`, -`healthcheck.sh`) are **rendered from `.agents/*.tmpl` and are not committed --- regenerate them at the start of each session: +sessions over the spec. + +### Docker (preferred) + +The [`ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev`](https://github.com/cmput415/ci-utils/tree/main/DocsDev) +image bundles the toolchain the review session needs (Sphinx + latexmk + +texlive, `lychee`, `uv`, [`act`](https://github.com/nektos/act) for +replaying the repo's GitHub Actions locally, and `gnupg` + `graphviz`). +Bump the tag reference in `.agents/manifest.yaml` when the ci-utils image +is rebuilt; keep this README in sync. + + docker run --rm -it -v "$PWD":/workspace \ + ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev:latest bash + +Inside the container you can go straight to `uv sync && make -C gazprea +html` or `act -j build` without any host apt work. + +### Native (fallback) + +If you cannot use the image, render the three shell helpers from their +templates and run bootstrap. The rendered scripts are **not committed** -- +regenerate them at the start of each session: for t in .agents/*.tmpl; do uv run .agents/render.py .agents/manifest.yaml "$t" > "${t%.tmpl}" @@ -28,14 +47,19 @@ sessions over the spec. The three shell scripts (`bootstrap.sh`, `check.sh`, `uv sync` to provision the Python venv from `pyproject.toml`, and records baselines that `healthcheck.sh` compares the live environment against. -**Commit signing is opt-in.** The `agent:` block in `manifest.yaml` is -blank by default; bootstrap only mints a GPG signing key when you fill it -in with a name and email. Filling it in is a per-user choice -- treat the -blank template as the shared committed state and keep your populated copy -local. When you do configure signing, register the exported public key +### Identity + +Commit signing is opt-in and not prescribed by this repo. The `agent:` +block in `manifest.yaml` is blank; bootstrap only mints a GPG signing key +when you fill in a name and email. Whether you sign, and under what +identity, is your call -- treat the blank template as the shared committed +state and keep any populated copy local. If you do configure signing, +register the exported public key (`gpg --homedir .agents/gnupg --armor --export `) on the forge before your first push. +### Skills + Bundled skills for spec review/consistency work live under `.agents/skills/` and are listed in `manifest.yaml`'s `skills:`. The healthcheck confirms each listed skill still has a non-empty `SKILL.md`. From 136258b3e694aaa89f7e46a61bb97a2b082b4846 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 05:21:50 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 06/84] docs(readme): point docs-dev link at ci-utils repo root The /tree/main/DocsDev path does not exist on cmput415/ci-utils and tripped linkcheck. The repo root already documents the image. --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 28b6b54f..40101b3d 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ sessions over the spec. ### Docker (preferred) -The [`ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev`](https://github.com/cmput415/ci-utils/tree/main/DocsDev) +The [`ghcr.io/cmput415/docs-dev`](https://github.com/cmput415/ci-utils) image bundles the toolchain the review session needs (Sphinx + latexmk + texlive, `lychee`, `uv`, [`act`](https://github.com/nektos/act) for replaying the repo's GitHub Actions locally, and `gnupg` + `graphviz`). From 66ae45f6cbd7ce89f03bf3430d0753e2d6e77061 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2026 12:08:52 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 07/84] build(agents): commit the uv lockfile pyproject.toml was committed without its lockfile, so `uv sync` resolved freely on every checkout and the session environment was not actually reproducible. Pin it. 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undefined syntax in examples String and free len() do not exist (string, length(), or the .len() method do), char is not a type (character is), and comma indexing M[1, 2] is defined nowhere (composite M[1][2] is). Each example now uses the spelling the spec defines. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 8 ++++---- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 4 ++-- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 2 +- 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 6db6fe6e..5a8be7dc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -151,11 +151,11 @@ call by reference, and are therefore *l-values* (pointers). :: - procedure byvalue(String x) returns integer { - return len(x); + procedure byvalue(string x) returns integer { + return length(x); } - procedure byreference(var String x) returns integer { - return len(x); + procedure byreference(var string x) returns integer { + return length(x); } procedure main() returns integer { const character[3] y = ['y', 'e', 's']; diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index e78fcb56..4a7edb1f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ converted to the new internal types. For example: tuple(integer, integer) int_tup = (1, 2); tuple(real, real) real_tup = int_tup; - tuple(char, integer, boolean[2]) many_tup = ('a', 1, [true, false]); - tuple(char, real, boolean[2]) other_tup = many_tup; + tuple(character, integer, boolean[2]) many_tup = ('a', 1, [true, false]); + tuple(character, real, boolean[2]) other_tup = many_tup; If initializing a variable with a tuple via :ref:`sec:typeInference`, the variable is assumed to be the same type. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 5ed0d3ee..019828f6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers. integer[*][*] M = [[11, 12, 13], [21, 22, 23]]; - /* M[1, 2] == 12 */ + /* M[1][2] == 12 */ As with arrays, out of bounds indexing is an error on Matrices. From 4659c65f0250620d980d9545493fc7827328d02d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:07:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 09/84] fix(gazprea): use .len() on strings and rename shadowy struct fields Follow-up polish on top of "replace undefined syntax in examples" so the patch's own examples read cleanly: * ``procedures.rst`` byvalue/byreference now call ``x.len()`` on the ``string`` argument instead of the free ``length(x)``. ``string`` is a sub-type of ``vector`` (types/string.rst:76) and ``vector`` defines ``.len()`` (types/vector.rst:65); using the method keeps the string-vs-vector surface consistent, which is the shape the rest of the spec assumes. * ``types/struct.rst`` renames the ``character char`` and ``real float`` fields on the ``Another`` example to ``character c`` and ``real r``. Naming a field after a type from another language reads like a keyword clash even though Gazprea's grammar allows it; the new names follow the ``s1`` example's ``i``/``r``/``iv`` convention. Also fixes the paragraph that referred to the struct by the wrong name (``Struct type "s"`` -> ``s1``) and updates the field-name list to match. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 4 ++-- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 6 +++--- 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 5a8be7dc..90e0d769 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ call by reference, and are therefore *l-values* (pointers). procedure byvalue(string x) returns integer { - return length(x); + return x.len(); } procedure byreference(var string x) returns integer { - return length(x); + return x.len(); } procedure main() returns integer { const character[3] y = ['y', 'e', 's']; diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 2c56d611..bab0da82 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ and consist of a ```` pair: :: struct s1 (integer i, real r, integer[10] iv) t1; - struct Another (character char, real float, string[256] str, s1 struct_field); + struct Another (character c, real r, string[256] str, s1 struct_field); var Another t2; The examples show two structs declared with types ``s1`` and ``Another``. -Struct type ``s`` has three fields: ``i`` of type ``integer``, ``r`` of type +Struct type ``s1`` has three fields: ``i`` of type ``integer``, ``r`` of type ``real``, and ``iv`` of type ``integer[10]``. -Struct type ``Another`` has four fields named ``char``, ``float``, ``str``, +Struct type ``Another`` has four fields named ``c``, ``r``, ``str``, and ``struct_field``. The instance variables ``t1`` and ``t2`` have types ``s1`` and ``Another``, respectively. From a00d64f7c53a85755e7dff94166007f5fa33a8dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:33:37 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 10/84] fix(gazprea): disambiguate the Another struct example field names Human-review follow-up. The previous rename (fcf3ad8) landed on `character c, real r, string[256] str, s1 struct_field`, which put Another's `r` right next to the sibling `s1` example's `r` field two lines above. Scoping is fine (each struct owns its field namespace), but the collision reads as an accidental repeat in a two-line example whose whole point is to show that field identifiers are chosen freely. Rename to `character ch, real f, string[256] str, s1 struct_field`, and update the prose that enumerates them. Distinct short names, no shadow of the neighbouring example, and still tracks the `s1` `i`/`r`/`iv` pattern of using initials-of-the-type. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index bab0da82..6302f8e2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ and consist of a ```` pair: :: struct s1 (integer i, real r, integer[10] iv) t1; - struct Another (character c, real r, string[256] str, s1 struct_field); + struct Another (character ch, real f, string[256] str, s1 struct_field); var Another t2; The examples show two structs declared with types ``s1`` and ``Another``. Struct type ``s1`` has three fields: ``i`` of type ``integer``, ``r`` of type ``real``, and ``iv`` of type ``integer[10]``. -Struct type ``Another`` has four fields named ``c``, ``r``, ``str``, +Struct type ``Another`` has four fields named ``ch``, ``f``, ``str``, and ``struct_field``. The instance variables ``t1`` and ``t2`` have types ``s1`` and ``Another``, respectively. From 78f70b5d00ad8f0984a948a71bc19f322366269e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:21:03 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 11/84] fix(gazprea): state the vector element-type set vector never said which T are legal, leaving vector>, vector, and vector undecidable. Now: base types and 1-D arrays of base types, matching every existing example. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 9 +++++++-- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index b3de2c5b..2f6815e0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -26,8 +26,13 @@ the literals ``<`` and ``>`` are used in the declaration) Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size -specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. Below are some examples of -`vector` declarations. +specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. + +The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any base type +(``boolean``, ``character``, ``integer``, ``real``) or a one-dimensional +array of a base type. Vectors of vectors, tuples, structs, strings, and +streams are not permitted. Below are some examples of +``vector`` declarations. :: From 30b53d65e6d54ec698203e196db2fb9b17f858eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:33:59 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 12/84] fix(gazprea): align vector element-type list with the rest of the spec Human-review follow-up. The new `vector` element-type rule enumerated the base types as `(boolean, character, integer, real)`, which is inconsistent with the two other places the same set is enumerated: `types/array.rst:6` and `constexpr.rst:22` both use `(boolean, integer, real, character)`. Any drift between these three enumerations makes a reader wonder if the set itself changed at one of the sites. Reorder the vector rule to match. Same set, no rot; if the set ever does grow (e.g. `string` promoted to a base type), all three files will need to change in lockstep and having them start identical makes that easier. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 2f6815e0..a3e1b8a5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any base type -(``boolean``, ``character``, ``integer``, ``real``) or a one-dimensional +(``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``) or a one-dimensional array of a base type. Vectors of vectors, tuples, structs, strings, and streams are not permitted. Below are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. From e3fac8a5a32e203f7c396e3fbcd81cd2bee7c1cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:16:09 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 13/84] fix(gazprea): scope the vector-array equivalence claim 'Vectors behave exactly like arrays' papered over normative differences the same file relies on: methods, array-valued binary results, and a pad-to-first ragged policy that contradicts matrix pad-to-longest for the same literal. The claim is now an interop list plus an explicit enumeration of the differences, with a cross-reference at the padding rule. Also replaces the undefined term 'subroutines'. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 18 +++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index a3e1b8a5..48033d05 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -4,10 +4,15 @@ Vectors ------- Vectors are language supported objects that allow for dynamically sized arrays. -Once created, ``vectors`` in *Gazprea* behave exactly like arrays: they can be -intermixed with arrays in expressions; they can be used on the RHS of array -declarations and initializations; and they can be passed as array arguments to -subroutines and functions. +Once created, ``vectors`` in *Gazprea* interoperate freely with arrays: they +can be intermixed with arrays in expressions; they can be used on the RHS of +array declarations and initializations; and they can be passed as array +arguments to functions and procedures. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct +type, and the differences are normative: vectors have methods where arrays +have none, binary operations involving a vector produce *array* results, +and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size of its *first* +element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its longest row +(see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). .. _sssec:vec_decl: @@ -46,7 +51,10 @@ streams are not permitted. Below are some examples of Vectors of inferred sized arrays assume the size of the *first* array in the vector. Subsequent array elements of less than the inferred size are padded. -Those greater raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. +Those greater raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. (Contrast with +:ref:`matrix construction `, where rows pad to the +*longest* row: the same nested literal can be legal as a matrix and a +``SizeError`` as a vector of arrays.) :: From a8abfb883f3965366d2875937df99d69c2379f9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:17:31 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 14/84] fix(gazprea): keep vector/array claims consistent between intro and body Follow-up polish on top of "scope the vector-array equivalence claim" (ab6eeed). Two lingering over-broad claims in ``types/vector.rst``: * The intro's differences list said "binary operations *involving a vector* produce array results", but the body (the "Operations" subsection just below) only supports that for *mixed* vector+array operations. The vector+vector case is not stated anywhere. Narrow the intro to match the body: "a mixed binary operation between a vector and an array". * The Operations subsection opened with "Operations on vectors are identical syntactically **and semantically** to operations on arrays" -- the exact over-broad equivalence the patch is scoping out of the intro. Left in place, it re-introduces the paperover a few lines down. Reword to "use the same syntax as ... and, except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics" so the enumeration in the intro remains authoritative. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 16 +++++++++------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 48033d05..a02167e6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ can be intermixed with arrays in expressions; they can be used on the RHS of array declarations and initializations; and they can be passed as array arguments to functions and procedures. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct type, and the differences are normative: vectors have methods where arrays -have none, binary operations involving a vector produce *array* results, -and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size of its *first* -element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its longest row -(see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). +have none, a mixed binary operation between a vector and an array produces +an *array* result, and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size +of its *first* element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its +longest row (see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). .. _sssec:vec_decl: @@ -67,9 +67,11 @@ Those greater raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. (Contrast with Operations ~~~~~~~~~~~ -Operations on vectors are identical syntactically and semantically to -operations on arrays. In particular, operand lengths must match for binary -expressions and dot product. All binary operations between vector and arrays produce array results. +Operations on vectors use the same syntax as operations on arrays and, +except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics. +In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot +product. All binary operations between a vector and an array produce +array results. As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides several methods for ``vector``: From 3f60040aa96ac1aaef1fece284e79ae8d20d61e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:35:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 15/84] fix(gazprea): leave headroom in the vector/array differences enumeration MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Human-review follow-up. Two related over-commits in the intro paragraph now that the six spec-review PRs are viewed as a group: * "interoperate freely with arrays" — overstates the case once the vector element-type restriction (companion PR #113) lands. A `vector` where `S` is a struct never exists, so interop is "free" only over the element types both sides support. Add the qualifier: "interoperate with arrays for the element types they both support". * "the differences are normative: [three-item list]" — presented as exhaustive. Once PR #113 merges, a fourth normative difference (element-type set is narrower on vectors) is documented directly below, and a reader who trusts this enumeration as complete will miss it. Soften to "differences include (non-exhaustively)" so the paragraph remains true after the neighbouring PR merges and tolerates future additions without re-editing. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index a02167e6..9aa21180 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ Vectors ------- Vectors are language supported objects that allow for dynamically sized arrays. -Once created, ``vectors`` in *Gazprea* interoperate freely with arrays: they -can be intermixed with arrays in expressions; they can be used on the RHS of -array declarations and initializations; and they can be passed as array -arguments to functions and procedures. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct -type, and the differences are normative: vectors have methods where arrays +Once created, ``vectors`` in *Gazprea* interoperate with arrays for the +element types they both support: they can be intermixed with arrays in +expressions; they can be used on the RHS of array declarations and +initializations; and they can be passed as array arguments to functions +and procedures. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct type, and the +differences include (non-exhaustively): vectors have methods where arrays have none, a mixed binary operation between a vector and an array produces an *array* result, and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size of its *first* element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its From 8ecb506fac8ce164f9d4db3d292a28e107e943f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:16:26 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 16/84] fix(gazprea): distinguish range slices from array-valued indices 'Arrays cannot be indexed with array expressions' collided with ranges being arrays and with slicing being defined as indexing by a range. The rule now names the distinction: array values (including ranges bound to variables) are illegal indices; literal range syntax in an index position is the slice form. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index b54c11b6..26be1af3 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -44,7 +44,11 @@ promoted to the type of the variable. For instance: Assignments can also be more complicated than this with arrays and tuples. With arrays indices may be provided in order to change the value of an array -element. In Gazprea, arrays cannot be indexed with array expressions. +element. In *Gazprea*, an array cannot be indexed with an array *value*: +``v[w]`` is illegal when ``w`` is an array variable, even one holding a +range. Range syntax written directly inside an index position is not an +array-valued index; it forms a slice +(see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). For instance, with single dimensional arrays: :: From d1141e9b199c05faae9b58cc102873079f96e2b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:15:10 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 17/84] fix(gazprea): reconcile the array indexing rule with the slice form Follow-up polish on top of "distinguish range slices from array-valued indices" (ebe5f8d). The patch scoped the general rule in statements.rst but left `types/array.rst`'s indexing subsection saying only "An array may be indexed using integers", which continued to contradict the very next subsection defining slices as indexing by a range. Extend the rule here to match: an integer index yields an element, a range at the index position yields a slice (with a cross-reference to the slices subsection), and an array *value* (including a range bound to a variable) is not a legal index. Same distinction the statements.rst hunk introduced, phrased for the type chapter's local vocabulary. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 7b11806c..529c2072 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -257,7 +257,11 @@ Operations d. Indexing An array may be indexed in order to retrieve the values stored in - the array. An array may be indexed using integers. + the array. An array may be indexed using an integer, in which case + the index yields a single element, or using range syntax written + directly at the index position, in which case the index yields a + slice (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). An array *value* — including + a range bound to a variable — is not a legal index. *Gazprea* is 1-indexed, so the first element of an array is at index 1 (as opposed to index 0 in languages like *C*). For instance: From 2bb4028281a361c3d2382f314a4b60d6fbf2dd87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:34:22 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 18/84] fix(gazprea): scope the array-value index rule to any array-valued expression MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Human-review follow-up. The original rule at statements.rst:46 said ``v[w]`` is illegal "when ``w`` is an array variable", but the companion rule at types/array.rst:260 (added on the same branch) correctly says "an array *value* … is not a legal index". Different scopes for the same rule: an expression, a parenthesized value, or a function call that returns an integer array is caught by the array.rst wording and slips past the statements.rst one. Widen statements.rst to "whenever ``w`` evaluates to an array value", and spell out the class of expressions this covers. Same rule stated consistently in both chapters, no more gap on function-returned ranges. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 26be1af3..e14fc7e6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ promoted to the type of the variable. For instance: Assignments can also be more complicated than this with arrays and tuples. With arrays indices may be provided in order to change the value of an array element. In *Gazprea*, an array cannot be indexed with an array *value*: -``v[w]`` is illegal when ``w`` is an array variable, even one holding a -range. Range syntax written directly inside an index position is not an -array-valued index; it forms a slice +``v[w]`` is illegal whenever ``w`` evaluates to an array value, even one +holding a range (this covers array variables, expressions, and function +calls that return an array alike). Range syntax written directly inside +an index position is not an array-valued index; it forms a slice (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). For instance, with single dimensional arrays: From 9ee8d75d5a15614adc49660a1cee1bb399133fa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:17:58 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 19/84] fix(gazprea): scope the promotion-implies-cast claim The universal claim was false for string/character[*] (no as<> form exists) and glossed the size requirement on scalar-to-array casts. The vague 'higher dimension' exception is replaced with the concrete rule (no 1-D to 2-D promotion; scalars broadcast), the square-matrix note is scoped to ** operands, and the string promotion section now names the array/vector distinction precisely. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 4a7edb1f..1ee532d5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -7,10 +7,17 @@ Type Promotion It is deliberately distinct from :ref:`type casting `, which is the explicit mechanism invoked via ``as(value)``. -Any conversion that can be done implicitly via promotion can also be -done explicitly via a typecast expression. The notable exception is -array promotion to a higher dimension, which occurs as a consequence of -scalar to array promotion. +Most conversions that can be done implicitly via promotion can also be done +explicitly via a typecast expression. There are two caveats. First, a +scalar-to-array *cast* must state the destination size explicitly +(:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`), whereas the corresponding *promotion* +infers the size from the array operand. Second, the +``string``/``character[*]`` conversion is an implicit two-way promotion +with no ``as<>`` form (see the final section of this chapter). + +Note that there is no implicit promotion from a one-dimensional array to a +two-dimensional array: only scalars broadcast, to arrays and to matrices +alike. .. _ssec:typePromotion_scalar: @@ -75,9 +82,11 @@ Other examples: Note that an array can never be downcast to a scalar, even if type casting is used. Also note that matrix multiply imposes strict -requirements on the dimensionality of the the operands. The consequence is -that scalars can only be promoted to a matrix if the matrix multiply -operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`). +requirements on the dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is +that, *as an operand of matrix multiplication* (``**``), a scalar can only +be promoted to a matrix when the other operand is a square matrix +(:math:`m \times m`). In element-wise operations and initializations a +scalar broadcasts to a matrix of any shape. Tuple to Tuple -------------- @@ -121,7 +130,12 @@ It is possible for a two sided promotion to occur with tuples. For example: Character Array to/from String ------------------------------- -A ``string`` can be implicitly converted to a vector of ``character``\ s and vice-versa (two-way type promotion). +A ``string`` can be implicitly converted to a ``character`` array +(``character[*]``) and vice-versa (two-way type promotion). Because a +``string`` is itself a vector of ``character`` (see :ref:`ssec:string`), +the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*; a +``string`` used where a character array is expected, or vice-versa, +converts silently. :: From 9939f81bfc29d603832377643ecae5751be335d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:16:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 20/84] fix(gazprea): drop stdlib "shape" noun and trim redundant clause Follow-up polish on top of "scope the promotion-implies-cast claim" (c087971). * The scalar-to-matrix promotion note used "a matrix of any shape". ``shape`` is a stdlib extension in this project, not part of the formal spec (a companion patch consciously scopes it out), and reusing the word here as a common noun invites conflation. Swap to "of any dimensions". * The Character-Array/String section's added tail clause ("a ``string`` used where a character array is expected, or vice-versa, converts silently") duplicated "implicitly converted" from the sentence just above it. Drop the redundant clause; the "of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*" pointer still carries the intended emphasis. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 1ee532d5..942259b1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ requirements on the dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is that, *as an operand of matrix multiplication* (``**``), a scalar can only be promoted to a matrix when the other operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`). In element-wise operations and initializations a -scalar broadcasts to a matrix of any shape. +scalar broadcasts to a matrix of any dimensions. Tuple to Tuple -------------- @@ -133,9 +133,7 @@ Character Array to/from String A ``string`` can be implicitly converted to a ``character`` array (``character[*]``) and vice-versa (two-way type promotion). Because a ``string`` is itself a vector of ``character`` (see :ref:`ssec:string`), -the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*; a -``string`` used where a character array is expected, or vice-versa, -converts silently. +the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*. :: From 359877f01b335760acf52e2db311f3ce3407a8e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:34:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 21/84] fix(gazprea): label the Character-Array/String section and reference it MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Human-review follow-up. The first commit introduced a positional forward reference ("see the final section of this chapter") from the intro's second caveat down to the Character-Array/String section. Positional references silently break when a later section is added to the chapter — the "final section" is no longer the intended target. Add an `ssec:typePromotion_string` label on the section heading and swap the intro's forward reference to `:ref:` against that label. Same target today, robust against reordering, and readable inline (Sphinx renders the section title). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 942259b1..98fe42f8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ scalar-to-array *cast* must state the destination size explicitly (:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`), whereas the corresponding *promotion* infers the size from the array operand. Second, the ``string``/``character[*]`` conversion is an implicit two-way promotion -with no ``as<>`` form (see the final section of this chapter). +with no ``as<>`` form (see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`). Note that there is no implicit promotion from a one-dimensional array to a two-dimensional array: only scalars broadcast, to arrays and to matrices @@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ It is possible for a two sided promotion to occur with tuples. For example: boolean b = (1.0, 2) == (2, 3.0); +.. _ssec:typePromotion_string: + Character Array to/from String ------------------------------- From 1419e9419db85e2e8689321c6ee2dee16b5142b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:19:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 22/84] refactor(gazprea): single home for operator precedence The precedence relation existed in three copies (expressions.rst, integer.rst, boolean.rst); the per-type copies are the divergence trap since any operator change must land in all three. The per-type pages now reference the normative table in expressions.rst. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 22 +++---------------- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 40 +++------------------------------- 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index aa3a00de..957fecac 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -52,25 +52,9 @@ evaluation `__. Therefore, both the left hand side and right hand side of an expression must always be evaluated. -This table specifies ``boolean`` operator precedence. Operators without -lines between them have the same level of precedence. - -+----------------+---------------+ -| **Precedence** | **Operation** | -+================+===============+ -| HIGHER | ``not`` | -+----------------+---------------+ -| | ``==`` | -| | | -| | ``!=`` | -+----------------+---------------+ -| | ``and`` | -+----------------+---------------+ -| | ``or`` | -| | | -| LOWER | ``xor`` | -+----------------+---------------+ - +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all +types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence +`. Type Casting and Type Promotion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index 1972cf04..b052cea8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -78,43 +78,9 @@ of remainder in *C99*. Exponentiation between integers gives an ``integer`` result. This is the same behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an ``integer``. -This table specifies ``integer`` operator precedence. Operators without -lines between them have the same level of precedence. Note that -parentheses are not included in this list because they are used to -override precedence and create new atoms in an expression. - -+----------------+----------------+ -| **Precedence** | **Operations** | -+================+================+ -| HIGHER | ``unary +`` | -| | | -| | ``unary -`` | -+----------------+----------------+ -| | ``^`` | -+----------------+----------------+ -| | ``*`` | -| | | -| | ``/`` | -| | | -| | ``%`` | -+----------------+----------------+ -| | ``+`` | -| | | -| | ``-`` | -+----------------+----------------+ -| | ``<`` | -| | | -| | ``>`` | -| | | -| | ``<=`` | -| | | -| | ``>=`` | -+----------------+----------------+ -| | ``==`` | -| | | -| LOWER | ``!=`` | -+----------------+----------------+ - +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all +types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence +`. Type Casting and Type Promotion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ From a402394178aef42407b9dc332f1ad3bdcedf88c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 01:21:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 23/84] refactor(gazprea): flatten the precedence indirection and restore the parens note MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Two human-review follow-ups on the operator-precedence single-home refactor: * `types/real.rst:55` still routed readers to the integer chapter's Operations subsection for "operation and precedence". Now that integer.rst delegates upward instead of hosting the table, this is a two-hop indirection where the first hop no longer contains what the sentence promises. Split the sentence: operations (semantics — IEEE-754-style behavior, unary rules, C99 remainder) still point at `sssec:integer_ops`; precedence and associativity point directly at the normative table. * The integer chapter's removed precedence paragraph carried a useful note that parentheses are absent from the list because they override precedence rather than participate in it. The note is normative guidance about the table, not integer-specific, so lift it into `expressions.rst` alongside the table itself. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 4 +++- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 5 ++++- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 6d85201d..5c9fc5c1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ Table of Operator precedence ---------------------------- The following is a table containing all of the precedences and -associativities of the operators in *Gazprea*. +associativities of the operators in *Gazprea*. Parentheses are not +listed: they do not participate in the precedence relation and instead +override it by grouping their contents into a new atom. +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | **Precedence** | **Operators** | **Associativity** | diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index 45d0b785..7d3f0aa0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -53,7 +53,10 @@ multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`. For example, Operations ~~~~~~~~~~ -Floating point operations and precedence are equivalent to :ref:`integer operation and precedence `. +Floating point operations are equivalent to :ref:`integer operations +`. Operator precedence and associativity, as for all +types, are specified once in the :ref:`table of operator precedence +`. Operations on real numbers should adhere to the IEEE 754 spec with regards to the representation of not-a-number(NaNs), infinity(infs), and From 479ffd54ba1463e69506cb376cfbe6a746ac8866 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:18:46 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 24/84] refactor(gazprea): single home for stream_state semantics The procedure was fully specified twice: only built_in_functions.rst had the initial state, only streams.rst had the null-value/position rule, and the two used different wording. streams.rst error handling is now normative (codes, initial state, per-type table); built-ins keeps the signature, marked as notional since input_stream is not a language type. Also fixes the F 1.0 output that violated the %g rule, the 'characters have no error state' claim contradicted by the state table, and the undefined 'null value' term. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 22 +++++++++------------ gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 30 ++++++++++++++++++----------- 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 5a4c28dc..9f8a03c1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -96,19 +96,15 @@ implicitly defined in every file: procedure stream_state(var input_stream) returns integer; -This procedure can only be called with the ``std_input`` as a parameter, but it’s -general enough that it could be used if the language were expanded to include -multiple input streams. - -When called, ``stream_state`` will return an integer value. The return value is -an error code defined as follows: - - - ``0``: Last read from the stream was successful. - - ``1``: Last read from the stream encountered an error. - - ``2``: Last read from the stream encountered the end of the stream. - -``stream_state`` is initialized to ``0``, which is the value return if no -read has been issued. +The signature is notional: ``input_stream`` is not a *Gazprea* type, and +the only valid argument is ``std_input``. The form is general enough that +it could be reused if the language were expanded to include multiple input +streams. + +The returned state codes, the initial state, and the per-type behaviour of +reads are specified in :ref:`sssec:stream_error`. In brief: ``0`` means the +last read succeeded, ``1`` that it encountered an error, and ``2`` that it +encountered the end of the stream. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index 465dbed5..b21ee68c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -107,8 +107,9 @@ of an assignment statement. Input streams may only work on the following primitive types: -- ``character``: Reads a single character from stdin. Note that there - can be no :ref:`error state ` for reading characters. +- ``character``: Reads a single character from stdin. Note that a + character read never sets :ref:`error state ` 1; + reaching the end of the stream still sets state 2. - ``integer``: Reads an integer from stdin. If an integer could not be read, an :ref:`error state ` is set on this stream. @@ -182,9 +183,11 @@ The output would be: :: - F 1.0 + F 1 -because the white space is consumed for characters and skipped for other types. +(``1.`` reads as the real 1.0, which prints as ``1`` under the ``%g`` +format rule above) because the white space is consumed for characters and +skipped for other types. .. _sssec:stream_error: @@ -196,13 +199,18 @@ When reading ``boolean``, ``integer``, and ``real`` from stdin, it is possible that the end of the stream or an error is encountered. In order to handle these situations *Gazprea* provides a built in procedure that is implicitly defined in every file: ``stream_state`` (see -:ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state`). - -Reading a ``character`` can never cause an error. The character will either be -successfully read or the end of the stream will be reached and ``-1`` will be -returned on this read. - -When an error occurs the null value is assigned and the input stream +:ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state` for its signature). ``stream_state`` +returns ``0`` if the last read succeeded, ``1`` if it encountered an +error, and ``2`` if it encountered the end of the stream. Before any read +has been issued it returns ``0``. + +Reading a ``character`` can never set error state 1. The character will +either be successfully read, or the end of the stream will be reached: the +read then yields the ``character`` whose 8-bit value is ``-1`` (i.e. +``as(-1)``) and sets state 2. + +When an error occurs, the zero value for the type being read (see the +Return column of the table below) is assigned and the input stream remains pointing to the same position as before the read occurred. The program below demonstrates 4 reads which set the error From 43ce1245bfdece3316b0de028a0756753594874f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:19:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 25/84] refactor(gazprea): single home for const-by-default rule The rule was restated in three files; type_qualifiers.rst is now the normative home and the misleading 'essentially a no-op' wording is replaced. The other two sites cross-reference it. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst | 6 +++--- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 7 +++++-- 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index f4aa6fd3..1b483822 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ A declaration creates a variable with an :ref:`identifier ` of The two qualifiers are ``var`` and ``const``, which qualify the identifier as *mutable* or *immutable*, respectively. In *Gazprea* it is important to remember that if the optional qualifier is -omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are immutable by default. +omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are immutable by default +(normative statement in :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). Optionally, a declaration may explicitly initialize the value of the new variable with the value of ````. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst index c1dd93db..1c44a3da 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst @@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ automatically give x an integer type. A *Gazprea* programmer can use expression, as long as the compiler can guess the type for the expression. -Note that although the qualifier may be elided (default is ``const``) and -the type may be elided (inferred from the RHS), a declaration that -elides both is :term:`ill-formed`: +Note that although the qualifier may be elided (default is ``const``; see +:ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`) and the type may be elided (inferred from the +RHS), a declaration that elides both is :term:`ill-formed`: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 613ffc42..802fe943 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ can be an rvalue. For example: Because a ``const`` value is not an lvalue, it cannot be passed to a ``var`` argument in a ``procedure``. -Note that ``const`` is the default *Gazprea* behaviour and is essentially a -no-op unless it is entirely replacing the type. +``const`` is the default in *Gazprea*: a declaration with no qualifier +declares a ``const`` variable. This section is the normative home of that +rule; other chapters reference it. Writing ``const`` explicitly is +therefore redundant, except where the qualifier entirely replaces the +type (the inference form below). .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_var: From f4364acd90ef8a683900df6c7444776c68ce45f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 9 Aug 2026 01:22:53 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 26/84] refactor(gazprea): state the "both spellings legal" sub-rule and close the last duplicate Two human-review follow-ups on the const-by-default single-home refactor: * The normative paragraph in `type_qualifiers.rst` now names the default-is-const rule explicitly, but the "both spellings are legal" corollary was only implicit ("writing ``const`` is therefore redundant"). A reader is left to infer that ``T x`` and ``const T x`` are exchangeable. Add a one-sentence explicit statement of that equivalence so the normative section doesn't rely on the reader's inference. * `procedures.rst:9` is the last remaining restatement: "By default arguments are ``const`` just like functions." Its scope (parameter-passing) is narrower than the variable-declaration rule and it is worth keeping in place for readers landing on the procedures chapter, but it should point at the normative home so it does not become a fourth divergent copy. Add a `see :ref:sec:typeQualifiers` cross-reference. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 10 ++++++---- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 90e0d769..d8b518ee 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A procedure in *Gazprea* is like a function, except that it does not have to be :term:`pure ` and as a result it may: - Have arguments marked with ``var`` that can be mutated. By default - arguments are ``const`` just like functions. + arguments are ``const`` just like functions (see :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). - A procedure may only accept a literal or expression as an argument if and only if the procedure declares that argument as ``const``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 802fe943..e4053f25 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -25,10 +25,12 @@ Because a ``const`` value is not an lvalue, it cannot be passed to a ``var`` argument in a ``procedure``. ``const`` is the default in *Gazprea*: a declaration with no qualifier -declares a ``const`` variable. This section is the normative home of that -rule; other chapters reference it. Writing ``const`` explicitly is -therefore redundant, except where the qualifier entirely replaces the -type (the inference form below). +declares a ``const`` variable. Both ``T x`` (qualifier elided) and +``const T x`` (qualifier written explicitly) are legal spellings of the +same declaration. Writing ``const`` is therefore redundant, except where +the qualifier entirely replaces the type (the inference form below). +This section is the normative home of that rule; other chapters reference +it. .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_var: From c34d3bce92826c03c8a9b5f681a2e77b4b25e18a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:14:54 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 27/84] fix(gazprea): name error classes at anonymous error sites The impl chapter (sec:errors) defines the full error taxonomy, but a dozen spec rules said only 'an error', leaving class and phase to guess. Each site now names the class from the taxonomy and the first mention in each file cross-references sec:errors. Also normalizes 'should raise' to 'must raise' at these sites. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 8 ++++---- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 9 +++++---- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 9 +++++---- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 5 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 5 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 3 ++- 10 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 9f8a03c1..4bb151cd 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The name of built in functions are reserved and a user program cannot define a function or a procedure with the same name as a built-in function. If a :term:`declaration` or a :term:`definition` with the same name as a built-in function is encountered in a *Gazprea* program, then the compiler -should issue an error. +must issue a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins work on Vectors and Strings, since they are always compatible with arrays. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 1b483822..6164ffd8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ therefore :term:`ill-formed`. integer i = i; integer[10] v = v[0] * 2; -An error message should be raised about the use of undeclared variables +A ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must be raised about the use of +undeclared variables in these cases. If a variable of the same name is declared in an enclosing :term:`scope`, then it is legal to use that in the initialization of a variable with the same name. For instance: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 5c9fc5c1..cf606c15 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ A generator may be used to construct either a one or two dimensional array. A generator creates a value of a 1D array type when one :term:`iterator variable` is used, and a 2D array type when two iterator variables are used. -Any other number of iterator variables will yield an error. +Any other number of iterator variables will yield a ``SyntaxError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). In particular, *Gazprea* does not currently support generators over three or more iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays with three or more dimensions). diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index 4f6cead4..c0791bf9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ Variable Declarations In *Gazprea* values can be assigned to a global :term:`identifier`. All globals must be immutable (``const``). If a global identifier is declared -with the ``var`` specifier, then an error should be raised. This restriction -is in place since mutable global variables would ruin -:term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to mutable global -state then we can not guarantee their purity. +with the ``var`` specifier, then a ``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) +must be raised. This restriction is in place since mutable global variables +would ruin :term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to mutable +global state then we can not guarantee their purity. Globals must be initialized with a valid :ref:`constant expression `. A global :term:`initializer` diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index d8b518ee..a2bbc2c6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ These procedures can be called as follows: Only procedures may be called with ``call``. Functions must appear in expressions because they can not cause side effects, so using a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea* -should raise an error if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. +must raise a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in +a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for impure functions. Procedures may only be called within assignment statements @@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ These restrictions are made by *Gazprea* in order to allow for more optimizations. Procedures without a return clause may not be used in an expression. -*Gazprea* should raise an error in such a case. +*Gazprea* must raise a ``CallError`` in such a case. :: /* p is some procedure with no return clause */ @@ -176,8 +177,8 @@ In *Gazprea* a program that aliases mutable variables is :term:`ill-formed`. The only case where aliasing of arguments is allowed is through disjoint tuple or struct field access. This helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. However, the compiler must be able -to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and an error -should be raised when this is detected. For instance: +to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and an +``AliasingError`` must be raised when this is detected. For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index e14fc7e6..f41f254a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ The types of the variables must match the types of the tuple’s fields, or the tuple’s fields must be able to be automatically promoted to the variable’s type. The number of variables in the comma separated list must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case an -error should be raised. This assignment is performed left-to-right. +``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must be raised. This assignment is +performed left-to-right. Assignments and initializations must perform a deep copy. It should not be possible to cause the aliasing of memory locations with an @@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ arrays and tuples. Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is -:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler should raise an error when this is +:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must raise an ``AssignError`` when this is detected, since it does not make sense to change a constant value. The right hand side of an assignment statement is always evaluated @@ -432,8 +433,8 @@ actually contains the ``break``. "\n" -> std_output; } -If a ``break`` statement is not contained within a loop an error must be -raised. +If a ``break`` statement is not contained within a loop a +``StatementError`` must be raised. .. _ssec:statements_continue: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index e4053f25..1e7f4675 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -45,8 +45,9 @@ For example: var integer i; -The compiler should raise an error if an attempt is made to modify a variable -that is not explicitly declared ``var``. +The compiler must raise an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if an +attempt is made to modify a variable that is not explicitly declared +``var``. .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_infer: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 529c2072..03ecd23c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -280,7 +280,8 @@ Operations integer x = v[-2]; /* x == 5 */ integer y = [4,5,6][-1] /* y == 6 */ - Out of bounds indexing should cause an error. + Out of bounds indexing must cause an ``IndexError`` + (see :ref:`sec:errors`). e. Stride diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 019828f6..3c11f91b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ All rows with fewer elements than the row of maximum row length are padded with zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with a row length larger than the number of rows provided, the bottom rows of the matrix are zero. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the -amounts given in a declaration an error is to be produced. +amounts given in a declaration a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) is +to be produced. :: @@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers. /* M[1][2] == 12 */ -As with arrays, out of bounds indexing is an error on Matrices. +As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices is an ``IndexError``. Type Casting and Type Promotion diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 6302f8e2..f20ad16a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ This allows struct instances to be compared to struct literals: if (c == Complex(r: 0.0, i: i)) { } Two structs are equal when all fields within each struct have the same value. -It is an error to compare two structs of different types. +Comparing two structs of different types is a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). Type Casting and Type Promotion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ From 7b85dadfdb43f4c72266a60834b74ea696521536 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 16:39:33 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 28/84] fix(gazprea): add missing sec:errors cross-refs at first-mentions Two error-class mentions predate the errors-chapter patch but never had the (see :ref:`sec:errors`) cross-reference the patch introduced at the first mention in each file. Add the reference and normalize the site's wording to the "must raise" phrasing used by the patch: * typedef.rst: SymbolError for duplicate alias names. Also fixes a literal-role typo (single-backticks would render as an unresolved default role) and the missing trailing period. * types/array.rst: SizeError for RHS-too-large in an array initializer. This is the first error-class mention in the file (line 53); the patch's cross-ref at line 280 was on the second mention. Assisted-by: Agent --- gazprea/spec/typedef.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 4 ++-- 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst index fd0848a2..15781e06 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Because a ``typealias`` is an aliased name for a type, you can use typealias integer int; typealias int also_int; -Duplicate alias names should raise a `SymbolError` +Duplicate alias names must raise a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 03ecd23c..6bc84d2a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ array instead of a ``real`` array. with the RHS element type's initialization semantics applying from left to right. If the LHS array is initialized using a RHS array that is too small then the LHS array will be padded with zeros. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS - array that is too large then a ``SizeError`` should be thrown at - :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. + array that is too large then a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must + be thrown at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. #. Inferred Size Declarations From 5fbbb07024e2490a4c7b3f238edaff809119af5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 22:53:21 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 29/84] fix(gazprea): fill omitted error sites and unify on "must emit" Follow-up to the errors-chapter patch. Three coordinated cleanups, kept in one commit so the wording change stays local to the sites it touches: * Fill omitted error classifications the initial patch missed. Adds a ReturnError classification to the "return reachable by all control flows" rule (functions.rst), a GlobalError classification covering the non-constexpr / vector-global / non-global-statement bullets (globals.rst), a StatementError for a declaration outside the leading declaration block of a block statement (declarations.rst), a SyntaxError for iterator loops with more than one domain (statements.rst iterator loop), and a StatementError for a ``continue`` outside a loop (statements.rst continue, mirroring the ``break`` rule). * Normalize two "should raise" sites in files the patch already touched but did not reword: SizeError for matmul dimension mismatch (types/matrix.rst) and SizeError for elementwise binop size mismatch (types/array.rst). Also normalizes typedef.rst's inline "Should raise a ``SizeError``" callout on the size-mismatch example. * Converge every patch insertion (and the two residuals above) on "must emit a ``X``" (or the passive "must be emitted") for the error-raising rule. The initial patch used six different verbs (issue / raise / yield / cause / is / is to be produced) at otherwise identical sites; one verb reads more consistently and matches how the errors chapter itself describes the requirement. Also drops the redundant ``(see :ref:`sec:errors`)`` on types/array.rst:279 (out-of-bounds indexing) since types/array.rst:53 now carries the first-mention cross-reference for that file. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 13 +++++++------ gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 7 +++++-- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 13 +++++++++---- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 8 ++++---- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 18 ++++++++++-------- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/typedef.rst | 6 +++--- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 9 ++++----- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 9 +++++---- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 2 +- 12 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 4bb151cd..9dd7c504 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The name of built in functions are reserved and a user program cannot define a function or a procedure with the same name as a built-in function. If a :term:`declaration` or a :term:`definition` with the same name as a built-in function is encountered in a *Gazprea* program, then the compiler -must issue a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins work on Vectors and Strings, since they are always compatible with arrays. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 6164ffd8..205798c4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ the beginning of a block. For instance this would not be legal in } because the declaration of the real version of ``i`` does not occur at -the start of the block. +the start of the block. A declaration that appears after the leading +declaration block of an enclosing block statement must emit a +``StatementError``. The following declaration placement is legal: @@ -72,11 +74,10 @@ therefore :term:`ill-formed`. integer i = i; integer[10] v = v[0] * 2; -A ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must be raised about the use of -undeclared variables -in these cases. If a variable of the same name is declared in an -enclosing :term:`scope`, then it is legal to use that in the initialization -of a variable with the same name. For instance: +The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for the +use of undeclared variables in these cases. If a variable of the same name +is declared in an enclosing :term:`scope`, then it is legal to use that in +the initialization of a variable with the same name. For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index cf606c15..ac1705c6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ A generator may be used to construct either a one or two dimensional array. A generator creates a value of a 1D array type when one :term:`iterator variable` is used, and a 2D array type when two iterator variables are used. -Any other number of iterator variables will yield a ``SyntaxError`` +Any other number of iterator variables must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). In particular, *Gazprea* does not currently support generators over three or more iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 37067e28..38621661 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A function in *Gazprea* has several requirements: 1. All of the arguments are implicitly ``const``, and can not be mutable. -2. Function arguments cannot contain type qualifiers. Including a type qualifier with a function argument should result in a ``SyntaxError``. +2. Function arguments cannot contain type qualifiers. Including a type qualifier with a function argument must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). 3. Argument types must be explicit. Inferred size arrays are allowed @@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ A function’s body can also be given by a block statement instead of a single expression. In this case the return value of the function is given with the return statement. A return statement must be reached by all possible control flows in the function before the end of the -function is encountered. +function is encountered; if this cannot be established the compiler must +emit a ``ReturnError``. Control-flow constructs are assumed to be +undecidable, so both branches of every conditional are considered +reachable. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index c0791bf9..0a9e47c6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ Variable Declarations In *Gazprea* values can be assigned to a global :term:`identifier`. All globals must be immutable (``const``). If a global identifier is declared -with the ``var`` specifier, then a ``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) -must be raised. This restriction is in place since mutable global variables -would ruin :term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to mutable -global state then we can not guarantee their purity. +with the ``var`` specifier, then the compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). This restriction is in place since mutable global +variables would ruin :term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to +mutable global state then we can not guarantee their purity. Globals must be initialized with a valid :ref:`constant expression `. A global :term:`initializer` @@ -41,4 +41,9 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables ``constexpr`` initializer at compile time. * All globals are implicitly ``constexpr``. +The compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` if any of these restrictions are +violated, including a global that is not initialized, a global with an +initializer that is not a valid constant expression, and a global whose +type is ``vector``. + diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index a2bbc2c6..f1ca9c6d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ These procedures can be called as follows: Only procedures may be called with ``call``. Functions must appear in expressions because they can not cause side effects, so using a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea* -must raise a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in +must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ These restrictions are made by *Gazprea* in order to allow for more optimizations. Procedures without a return clause may not be used in an expression. -*Gazprea* must raise a ``CallError`` in such a case. +*Gazprea* must emit a ``CallError`` in such a case. :: /* p is some procedure with no return clause */ @@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ In *Gazprea* a program that aliases mutable variables is :term:`ill-formed`. The only case where aliasing of arguments is allowed is through disjoint tuple or struct field access. This helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. However, the compiler must be able -to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and an -``AliasingError`` must be raised when this is detected. For instance: +to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and must emit +an ``AliasingError`` when this is detected. For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index f41f254a..db50d2ee 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ variable. For instance: The types of the variables must match the types of the tuple’s fields, or the tuple’s fields must be able to be automatically promoted to the variable’s type. The number of variables in the comma separated list -must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case an -``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must be raised. This assignment is -performed left-to-right. +must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case the +compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This +assignment is performed left-to-right. Assignments and initializations must perform a deep copy. It should not be possible to cause the aliasing of memory locations with an @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ arrays and tuples. Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is -:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must raise an ``AssignError`` when this is +:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` when this is detected, since it does not make sense to change a constant value. The right hand side of an assignment statement is always evaluated @@ -387,7 +387,8 @@ expression do not affect the captured domain. For instance: i -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; } -Note that multiple domain expressions are *not* allowed: +Note that multiple domain expressions are *not* allowed; an iterator +loop with more than one domain expression must emit a ``SyntaxError``. :: @@ -433,8 +434,8 @@ actually contains the ``break``. "\n" -> std_output; } -If a ``break`` statement is not contained within a loop a -``StatementError`` must be raised. +If a ``break`` statement is not contained within a loop the compiler must +emit a ``StatementError``. .. _ssec:statements_continue: @@ -446,7 +447,8 @@ a loop. When a ``continue`` statement is executed the innermost loop that contains the ``continue`` statements starts its next iteration. ``continue`` stops the execution of the loop’s body statement, the loop then continues as though the body statement finished its execution -normally. +normally. If a ``continue`` statement is not contained within a loop the +compiler must emit a ``StatementError``. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 1e7f4675..e7e65014 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ For example: var integer i; -The compiler must raise an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if an +The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if an attempt is made to modify a variable that is not explicitly declared ``var``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst index 15781e06..281a1f87 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Because a ``typealias`` is an aliased name for a type, you can use typealias integer int; typealias int also_int; -Duplicate alias names must raise a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Duplicate alias names must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ folding of scalar literals but also constant propagation through other vec_of_two v = 1..3; } -Should raise a ``SizeError`` on line 3 since the ``vec_of_two`` type has a size -of 2 and an array of size 3 is being assigned. +The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` on line 3 since the ``vec_of_two`` +type has a size of 2 and an array of size 3 is being assigned. Because the size may be any ``constexpr``, it can reference other constant expressions rather than being limited to literals: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 6bc84d2a..9a81e071 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ array instead of a ``real`` array. with the RHS element type's initialization semantics applying from left to right. If the LHS array is initialized using a RHS array that is too small then the LHS array will be padded with zeros. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS - array that is too large then a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) must - be thrown at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. + array that is too large then the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` + (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. #. Inferred Size Declarations @@ -280,8 +280,7 @@ Operations integer x = v[-2]; /* x == 5 */ integer y = [4,5,6][-1] /* y == 6 */ - Out of bounds indexing must cause an ``IndexError`` - (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + Out of bounds indexing must emit an ``IndexError``. e. Stride @@ -363,7 +362,7 @@ Operations Attempting to perform a binary operation between two arrays of - different sizes should result in a ``SizeError``. + different sizes must emit a ``SizeError``. When one of the operands of a binary operation is an array and the other operand is a scalar, the scalar value must first diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 3c11f91b..fd5aae7a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ All rows with fewer elements than the row of maximum row length are padded with zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with a row length larger than the number of rows provided, the bottom rows of the matrix are zero. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the -amounts given in a declaration a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) is -to be produced. +amounts given in a declaration the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ multiplication. Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. -If the dimensions are not correct a ``SizeError`` should be raised. +If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError``. Arrays of any dimension support the built in functions ``rows`` and ``columns``, which when passed a 2D array yields the number of rows and columns in the @@ -120,7 +120,8 @@ and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers. /* M[1][2] == 12 */ -As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices is an ``IndexError``. +As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices must emit an +``IndexError``. Type Casting and Type Promotion diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index f20ad16a..4eb671d7 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ This allows struct instances to be compared to struct literals: if (c == Complex(r: 0.0, i: i)) { } Two structs are equal when all fields within each struct have the same value. -Comparing two structs of different types is a ``TypeError`` +Comparing two structs of different types must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Type Casting and Type Promotion From be544998b06466782f172345c47aacff21e08a0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 23:32:58 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 30/84] fix(gazprea): tighten "must emit" prose per human-review pass MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Four follow-ups on the errors-chapter branch flagged by a human-review pass across the six spec-review PRs open on this stack: * `procedures.rst`: the two "*Gazprea* must emit a ``CallError``" sites drifted from the "the compiler must emit …" subject used everywhere else the pass touched. Normalize both to "the compiler must emit". * `globals.rst`: the summary paragraph re-enumerated the three restrictions from the bullet list right above it, and the re-enumeration silently rots when the bullets are edited. Collapse to one sentence: "Violations of any of the above must be reported as a ``GlobalError``." — no drifting second copy. * `functions.rst`: the ReturnError classification I added on the return-reachable-by-all-paths rule ended with a sentence ("Control-flow constructs are assumed to be undecidable, so both branches of every conditional are considered reachable.") that `impl/errors.rst:104-106` already states as part of the normative ``ReturnError`` definition. Drop it here; the cross-ref carries the rule. * `declarations.rst`: the StatementError classification used the undefined term "leading declaration block". Nothing else in the spec introduces it, and the paragraph immediately above uses "at the start of the block". Reword to "the declaration prefix at the start of its enclosing block statement", and lead with the compiler as the subject to match the surrounding rules. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 6 +++--- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 4 +--- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 6 ++---- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 6 +++--- 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 205798c4..420ce4be 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ the beginning of a block. For instance this would not be legal in } because the declaration of the real version of ``i`` does not occur at -the start of the block. A declaration that appears after the leading -declaration block of an enclosing block statement must emit a -``StatementError``. +the start of the block. The compiler must emit a ``StatementError`` for +any declaration that appears after the declaration prefix at the start of +its enclosing block statement. The following declaration placement is legal: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 38621661..77c8b197 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ single expression. In this case the return value of the function is given with the return statement. A return statement must be reached by all possible control flows in the function before the end of the function is encountered; if this cannot be established the compiler must -emit a ``ReturnError``. Control-flow constructs are assumed to be -undecidable, so both branches of every conditional are considered -reachable. +emit a ``ReturnError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index 0a9e47c6..ab0a5b3e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables ``constexpr`` initializer at compile time. * All globals are implicitly ``constexpr``. -The compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` if any of these restrictions are -violated, including a global that is not initialized, a global with an -initializer that is not a valid constant expression, and a global whose -type is ``vector``. +Violations of any of the above must be reported as a ``GlobalError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index f1ca9c6d..0eee9384 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ These procedures can be called as follows: Only procedures may be called with ``call``. Functions must appear in expressions because they can not cause side effects, so using a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea* -must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in -a ``call`` statement. +The compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a +function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for impure functions. Procedures may only be called within assignment statements @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ These restrictions are made by *Gazprea* in order to allow for more optimizations. Procedures without a return clause may not be used in an expression. -*Gazprea* must emit a ``CallError`` in such a case. +The compiler must emit a ``CallError`` in such a case. :: /* p is some procedure with no return clause */ From 868c3ad8ceac11848e4dd669439b7a7a55a79cdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:19:49 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 31/84] fix(gazprea): specify combined struct-plus-instance declaration The form 'struct S (...) x;' appeared in four examples but only the bare type declaration was described; the Access section also opened with an orphaned bullet from a deleted table. The combined form is now defined as sugar for the split form, declaring a const instance (qualifiers require the split form, matching the var Another t2 example), and the orphan is a proper intro sentence. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 11 +++++++++-- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 4eb671d7..edc490fe 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ and ``struct_field``. The instance variables ``t1`` and ``t2`` have types ``s1`` and ``Another``, respectively. +A struct declaration may optionally be followed by an identifier, as in +the first example: ``struct s1 (...) t1;`` declares the type ``s1`` *and* +a variable ``t1`` of that type in one statement, exactly equivalent to +``struct s1 (...); s1 t1;``. The combined form takes no qualifier, so the +variable it declares is ``const`` (the default); to declare a mutable +instance, use the split form with ``var``, as the ``t2`` example does. + .. _sssec:struct_typealias: @@ -59,9 +66,9 @@ A struct can be typealiased and used in any context a regular struct declaration Access ~~~~~~ - * ``field`` is a field within struct ``T`` +Struct fields are accessed with dot notation, ``instance.field``, where +``field`` is a field of the instance's struct type. For example: -For example: :: struct s1 (integer i, real r, integer[10] iv); From f842a181b4e1d90056996ca77c8cd48e7c544e97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:20:04 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 32/84] fix(gazprea): state the mixed concatenation result type The intro promised 'the result of a concatenation' as a string/array difference but the operations section never stated the rule. Now: any || with a string operand yields string; character arrays alone yield a character array. (Consistent with the letters example, where an array concatenated with a string literal produces a string.) Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index 716e4613..d3f1bb4f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ but because it is an object *Gazprea* can provide type specific features. String vectors behave a lot like character arrays, but there are several differences between the two types: an :ref:`extra literal style `, -the :ref:`result of a concatenation ` +the :ref:`result type of a concatenation ` and :ref:`behaviour when sent to an output stream `. .. _sssec:string_decl: @@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them as the other array data types. Remember that because a ``string`` and vector of ``character`` are fundamentally the same, the concatenation operation may be used to concatenate values of the -two types. You may also append a slice of characters to a string using the +two types. The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of +``||`` is a ``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of +character arrays (or characters) alone yields a character array. You may also append a slice of characters to a string using the append method. As well, a :term:`scalar ` character may be concatenated onto a string in the same way as it would be concatenated onto an array of From 70a16b074e4fe0504015049553781f9b9fb215a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:20:19 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 33/84] fix(gazprea): tuple member conversions cover array members Tuple casting and promotion referenced only the scalar pairwise rules, but tuples may contain arrays (boolean[2] appears in this chapter's own examples). Members now convert by the rule for their kind. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 6 ++++-- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 4 +++- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index 254c74fc..71d9612f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -117,8 +117,10 @@ Tuple to Tuple Conversions between ``tuple`` types are also possible. The original type and the destination type must have an equal number of internal types and -each element must be pairwise castable according to the rules -in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. For example: +each element must be pairwise castable: scalar members follow +:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, and array members follow +:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` (including padding and truncation). For +example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 98fe42f8..3ca4ba6d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ Tuple to Tuple Tuples may be promoted to another tuple type if it has an equal number of internal types and the original internal types can be implicitly -converted to the new internal types. For example: +converted to the new internal types. Each member converts by the rule for +its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar promotion table above, and +array members follow the array promotion rules. For example: :: From 3c2d935c7068f257135cbb631d28bd8883118336 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:20:47 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 34/84] fix(gazprea): close two silent contract gaps Uninitialized const was legal by composition of rules but never acknowledged (permanent zero value; now stated at the zero-default rule), and the by operator claimed step sizes greater than 1 while its own examples used by 1 and no error was named for non-positive strides (now >= 1 with StrideError per sec:errors). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 3 +++ gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 7 ++++--- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 420ce4be..bc0f1196 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ The default value is ``0`` for ``integer`` and ``real``, string ``""`` for ``string``, and the element-wise default for :term:`aggregate types ` (arrays, vectors, tuples, structs). *Gazprea* has no ``null`` value. +This applies to ``const`` declarations as well: a ``const`` variable +declared without an initializer is legal and holds the default value of +its type permanently. For simplicity *Gazprea* assumes that declarations can only appear at the beginning of a block. For instance this would not be legal in diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 9a81e071..1fc77f19 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -284,9 +284,10 @@ Operations e. Stride - The ``by`` operator is used to specify a step-size greater than 1 when - indexing across an array. It produces an array with the values - indexed by the given stride. For instance: + The ``by`` operator is used to specify a positive step size + (``>= 1``) when indexing across an array. It produces an array with + the values indexed by the given stride. A stride ``<= 0`` raises a + ``StrideError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance: :: From c8be9f9975b4bcca90f78aeca9678a145b4bbb4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:10:59 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 35/84] fix(gazprea): unify slice bound rule in one section The right-exclusive rule was contradicted by the shorthand table (off-by-one on ..-i, inclusive wording on i..j) and by the two_halves example in functions.rst, and the whole rule was specified twice in array.rst. Now: one normative table under sssec:array_slices (grid table also repaired; it previously failed to parse), the operations-list item defers to it, shorthand examples get array types instead of scalars, and two_halves uses a[1..6]/a[6..]. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 65 +++++++++++++++++------------------- 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 77c8b197..a355f81f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Like Rust, array *slices* may be passed as arguments: function slicer() returns real[*] { integer[10] a = 1..10; - var vector two_halves = to_real_vec(a[1..5]); + var vector two_halves = to_real_vec(a[1..6]); two_halves.append(to_real_vec(a[6..])); return two_halves; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 1fc77f19..d632ee81 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -299,41 +299,8 @@ Operations d. Slices - A slice is a contiguous subset of array elements. The subset is described - by a range - The left hand index is inclusive, while the right is exclusive. - - :: - - integer[*] a = 0..10 by 2; /* a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] */ - integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* subset is a[2] and a[3], x == [2, 4] */ - integer[*] y = a[..4]; /* slice used as an r-value */ - a[4..] = 0; /* slice being used as an l-value */ - - Note that for slicing the range always has a stride of 1. - For indexing purposes three additions are made to range syntax: - - +---------+---------------------------------+ - | | Interpretation | - +---------+---------------------------------+ - + `..` | all elements | - +---------+---------------------------------+ - + `i..` | ith to nth elements | - +---------+---------------------------------+ - + `..-i` | first to n-i-1th elements | - +---------+---------------------------------+ - + `i..j` | i to jth elements | - +---------+---------------------------------+ - - Examples: - - :: - - integer[*] a = 0..10 by 2; /* a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] */ - integer x = a[..4]; /* x == [0, 2, 4] */ - integer y = a[4..]; /* y == [6, 8, 10] */ - integer z = a[..-1]; /* z == [0, 2, 4, 6, 8] */ - + A slice is a contiguous subset of array elements. Slice bounds + and shorthand forms are specified in :ref:`sssec:array_slices`. #. Operations of the Element Type @@ -413,6 +380,30 @@ Array Slices ~~~~~~~~~~~~ An array slice is a contiguous subset of elements, described by a range. +The left hand bound is *inclusive* and the right hand bound is +*exclusive*. (Note that this differs from a range *value*, whose bounds +are both inclusive: ``0..10`` written as an expression produces the +integers 0 through 10, while the same syntax written inside an index +position selects elements with a right-exclusive bound.) Slicing always +has a stride of 1; apply ``by`` to the slice result for larger strides. + +The following forms are accepted inside an index position, where ``n`` is +the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed: + ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ +| Form | Elements selected | ++===========+=========================================+ +| ``..`` | all elements, ``1`` through ``n`` | ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ +| ``i..`` | ``i`` through ``n`` | ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ +| ``..j`` | ``1`` through ``j-1`` | ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ +| ``..-i`` | ``1`` through ``n-i`` | ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ +| ``i..j`` | ``i`` through ``j-1`` | ++-----------+-----------------------------------------+ + An array slice behaves semantically as a new array containing the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. @@ -423,6 +414,10 @@ the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* x == [2, 4] */ integer y = a[2..4][1]; /* y == 2 */ + integer[*] u = a[..4]; /* u == [0, 2, 4] */ + integer[*] v = a[4..]; /* v == [6, 8, 10] */ + integer[*] w = a[..-1]; /* w == [0, 2, 4, 6, 8] */ + // A slice of the entire array behaves as the array itself, this can be repeated integer z1 = a[4]; /* z1 == 6 */ integer z2 = a[1..7][1..7][1..7][4]; /* z2 == 6 */ From a680b7aa320fee417b48b60ff60678cd9dd25736 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:11:26 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 36/84] fix(gazprea): remove struct field forbidden by struct's own rule The Another example nested a struct-typed field two paragraphs after the rule banning struct fields, and used the undefined sized-string syntax string[256] (strings have no size specifier per string.rst); the field list and its prose now agree with both rules. Also corrects the 's' vs 's1' type-name slip in the same sentence. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index edc490fe..c760e394 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ and consist of a ```` pair: :: struct s1 (integer i, real r, integer[10] iv) t1; - struct Another (character ch, real f, string[256] str, s1 struct_field); + struct Another (character ch, real f, string str, s1 struct_field); var Another t2; The examples show two structs declared with types ``s1`` and ``Another``. From 20fab599624dcf45ab4a96779cd05b3722f3d07d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:12:20 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 37/84] fix(gazprea): reconcile procedure call-site restatement The prose restatement dropped declaration-RHS and call statements from the earlier normative bullet list and omitted casts from the allowed operators, so whichever passage a reader hit first won. The restatement now defers to the bullet list. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 0eee9384..092d5558 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -84,11 +84,12 @@ The compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for -impure functions. Procedures may only be called within assignment statements -(procedures may not be used as the control expression in control flow expressions, for instance). -The return value from a procedure call can only be manipulated with -unary operators. A program that uses the results from a procedure call -with binary expressions is :term:`ill-formed`. +impure functions. As listed at the top of this chapter, procedure calls may +appear only on the RHS of a declaration, on the RHS of an assignment, or in +a ``call`` statement; in particular, a procedure call may not be used as +the control expression of a control-flow statement. The return value of a +procedure call can only be manipulated with unary operators and casts; using +the result of a procedure call in a binary expression is :term:`ill-formed`. For example: :: From ffde84f55a3505ef71df2d2ac5242b0d63e03aa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:13:22 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 38/84] feat(gazprea): specify the method-call surface Method calls appeared throughout vector.rst and string.rst with no grammar, receiver rules, or purity story, string.rst used a concat method defined nowhere, and append's signature could not explain its own examples. Adds a Method Calls subsection (receiver must be a var vector/string variable; method-call statements; mutating methods on function-locals preserve purity), defines append's single-element vs element-wise disambiguation, renames concat to append, and replaces the ill-typed (v1 + v2).push(3) example (vector + vector) with one consistent with the array-slice TypeError rule. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 7 ++++--- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index d3f1bb4f..f40eeb1c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -76,13 +76,14 @@ append method. As well, a :term:`scalar ` character may be concatenated onto a string in the same way as it would be concatenated onto an array of characters. -Note that because a ``string`` is a sub-type of ``vector``, concatenation may also -be accomplished with ``concat`` and ``push`` methods: +Note that because a ``string`` is a sub-type of ``vector``, concatenation may +also be accomplished with the ``append`` and ``push`` methods (see +:ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have exactly the vector method set): :: var string letters = ['a', 'b'] || "cd"; - letters.concat("ef"); + letters.append("ef"); letters.push('g'); letters -> std_output; diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 9aa21180..cc48612c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -74,13 +74,41 @@ In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot product. All binary operations between a vector and an array produce array results. -As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides several methods for ``vector``: +.. _sssec:vec_methods: + +Method Calls +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` +(and its sub-type :ref:`string `). A method call has the form +``receiver.method(arguments)`` and is governed by the following rules: + +- The receiver must be a variable of a language-supported object type + (``vector`` or ``string``). Arrays, array slices, and the (array-valued) + results of expressions have no methods; calling a method on them is a + compile-time ``TypeError``. + +- A method call whose result is used is an expression. A method call may + also stand alone as a statement, terminated by a semicolon; this is the + only expression form that may be used as a statement. + +- Mutating methods (``push``, ``append``) additionally require the + receiver to be declared ``var``. Inside a :ref:`function `, + mutating methods may be applied only to variables local to the function; + this preserves function purity, since no state outside the function can + change. + +The methods are: - ``push(T)`` - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, where ``T`` is the element type of the vector - ``len()`` - number of elements in the vector -- ``append(T[*])`` - append another array to the vector where ``T[*]`` is the type of the original vector or a type that can be implicitly cast to it. +- ``append(x)`` - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element type: + if ``x`` is promotable to ``T`` it is appended as a single element; + otherwise ``x`` must be an array whose elements are each promotable to + ``T``, and its elements are appended in order. When both readings apply, + the single-element reading is used. :: @@ -110,9 +138,10 @@ As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides several methods for ``vector` v2.len() -> std_output // 3 - v2.len(); // Does nothing + v2.len(); // Legal statement; result discarded - (v1 + v2).push(3); // Effectively does nothing, reference to the sum is dropped after the statement + (v1 + v1).push(3); // TypeError: the sum is an array + // value, and arrays have no methods Slicing a vector produces an array slice (there are no "vector slices"). From 14ebb1c8fe453ec895280ce6541fe4878d0dc4a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Claude (agent)" Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 14:16:56 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 39/84] fix(gazprea): correct misleading examples (batched) The dangling-if desugaring changed its own condition (x == 3 became x == 4), a comment referenced a variable that does not exist, three examples redeclared an identifier in the same scope (a SymbolError by namespaces.rst), and the namespace bullet omitted variables despite the example depending on them. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 4 ++-- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 4 ++-- 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index c8ed53d3..c5ee36e2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ Namespaces There are two namespaces in *Gazprea*: - Type namespace: user-defined types (structs and typealiases). -- Variable/Function/procedure namespace: functions and procedures. +- Variable/Function/procedure namespace: variables, functions, and + procedures. Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier, this is a ``SymbolError``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index db50d2ee..1240615c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ promoted to the type of the variable. For instance: var real real_var = 0.0; var boolean bool_var = true; - /* Since 'x' is an integer it can be promoted to a real number \*/ + /* Since 'int_var' is an integer it can be promoted to a real number */ real_var = int_var; /* Legal */ /* Real numbers can not be turned into boolean values automatically. \*/ @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ is actually equivalent to the following: :: - if (x == 4) { + if (x == 3) { y = 7; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index e7e65014..8451e8c5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ type must be inferred. A variable declared in this manner must be :: var i = 1; // integer - const i = 1; // integer + const j = 1; // integer var r = 1.0; // real const c = 'a'; // character var t = (1, 2, 'a', [1, 2, 3]); // tuple(integer, integer, character, integer[3]) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index cb6c8ab8..24ac3316 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ parentheses in a comma separated list. For example: :: tuple(integer, character[5], integer[3]) my_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); - var my_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); + var our_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); const your_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); tuple(integer, real, integer[10]) tuple_var = (1, 2.1, [i in 1..10 | i]); diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index cc48612c..60de966c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ streams are not permitted. Below are some examples of const vector v2 = [4, 5]; // [[4, 5]] const vector v3 = 42; // [42] var vector v4 = 42; // [42], mutable - vector v4 = 42; // [42], implied const - const vector v5 = 1; // [1.0] + vector v5 = 42; // [42], implied const + const vector v6 = 1; // [1.0] Vectors of inferred sized arrays assume the size of the *first* array in the vector. From f21f38c1f9f64431d25cf9af2c87ac5f15cdb987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 14:47:33 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 40/84] spec(gazprea): permit nested aggregates and n-d arrays Open the type system to the settled "arbitrary nesting and arbitrary structs" decision. Vectors, structs, tuples, and arrays may now hold any storable element or field type, and fixed-size arrays generalize from the two-dimensional matrix ceiling to arbitrary rank (T[n1]...[nk]). This reverses the vector element-type restriction and the bans on nesting structs/tuples inside structs and tuples. A single authoritative rule lives at ssec:storable_types (types.rst): everything except streams is storable; nesting is unbounded but must be acyclic through value types; recursion is legal only through a vector, the sole point of indirection. Each per-type page now defers to it, and array.rst's element-type list is widened to match. The >=2 field/element arity requirement is unchanged. Rank-agnostic operations (a shape interface, n-d matrix multiply, broadcasting) are left to a follow-up revision. Refs: #132 #106 #82 #71 #101 #86 Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types.rst | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 9 ++++++--- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 12 +++++++++--- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 8 ++++++-- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 11 ++++++----- 6 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types.rst b/gazprea/spec/types.rst index 80bd4a86..2e6525b4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types.rst @@ -16,3 +16,40 @@ Types types/vector types/string types/matrix + +.. _ssec:storable_types: + +Storable Types, Nesting, and Recursion +-------------------------------------- + +A *storable type* is any type whose values may be stored in a variable, +passed as an argument, returned, or held as a member of an +:term:`aggregate `. Every type in *Gazprea* is storable +except :ref:`streams `, which name I/O endpoints rather than +values. + +Aggregates may be nested to any depth. An :ref:`array ` or +:ref:`matrix ` of any rank, a :ref:`vector `, a +:ref:`tuple `, and a :ref:`struct ` may each hold +any storable element or field type, including one another. For example a +``vector`` (for a struct type ``S``), a struct with a ``tuple`` field, +and a ``tuple(S, integer[3][3])`` are all well formed. + +Nesting must be **acyclic through value types**. A ``struct`` or ``tuple`` +whose fields, directly or transitively, contain a value of its own type +has no finite size and is ill formed; the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type may, however, refer to +itself *through a* :ref:`vector `, because a vector is +dynamically sized and stored by indirection: + +:: + + struct Tree (integer value, vector children); // well formed + struct Bad (integer value, Bad next); // TypeError: infinite size + +.. note:: + + *Implementation.* Nested aggregates are laid out and accessed + structurally (a chain of ``getelementptr`` in the LLVM dialect); the + vector at a recursion boundary is the sole point of indirection. Flat, + non-nested sequences continue to lower through the tensor/linalg path. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index d632ee81..899801dc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ Arrays ------ Arrays are fixed size collections, where each element of the array has -the same type. Arrays can contain any of *Gazprea*'s -:term:`primitive types ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, -``real``, and ``character``) or compound types (structs and tuples). +the same type. An array element may be of any +:ref:`storable type `: a +:term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, +``real``, ``character``), or a compound type such as a ``struct``, +``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another array (which yields a +higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). .. _sssec:array_decl: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index fd5aae7a..f14507e4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -3,9 +3,15 @@ Matrices -------- -*Gazprea* supports two dimensional matrices as arrays of arrays. -Although the syntax and concepts are easily generalizable to many dimensions, -we are restricting the language to two dimensions for now. +*Gazprea* arrays generalize to arbitrary rank: a type of the form +``T[n1][n2]...[nk]`` is a rank-``k`` array whose element type ``T`` may be +any :ref:`storable type `. A *matrix* is the rank-2 +case, and this section describes it in full; higher-rank arrays follow the +same construction, indexing, and element-wise operation rules, generalized +to ``k`` index positions. The rank-2 operators discussed below (matrix +multiplication, ``rows``, and ``columns``) are defined on matrices +specifically; their generalization to a rank-agnostic ``shape`` interface +is left to a future revision of this specification. .. _sssec:matrix_decl: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index c760e394..072fb4b2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ Like ``tuples``, a ``struct`` is a way of grouping multiple values with different types into an :term:`aggregate ` data structure. The main differences between tuples and structs are that the fields of a struct are named, and the type signature of a struct is named as a user defined type. -Any type except ``tuple``, another ``struct`` and :ref:`streams` -may be stored within a struct. Also like tuples, structs must contain *at least two fields*. +Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a +struct, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, +``tuple``, and other ``struct`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the +:ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only +:ref:`streams` may not be stored within a struct. Also like +tuples, structs must contain *at least two fields*. .. _sssec:struct_decl: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index 24ac3316..c7afb6f6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Tuples ------ -A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any type may be stored within tuples except structs and tuples. Additionally streams can not be stored in tuples. +A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only streams may not be stored in a tuple. .. _sssec:tuple_decl: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 60de966c..ab9cf0e3 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -34,11 +34,12 @@ the literals ``<`` and ``>`` are used in the declaration) Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. -The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any base type -(``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``) or a one-dimensional -array of a base type. Vectors of vectors, tuples, structs, strings, and -streams are not permitted. Below are some examples of -``vector`` declarations. +The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any +:ref:`storable type `: a base type (``boolean``, +``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), an array or matrix of any rank, a +``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — nested to +any depth. Only a :ref:`stream ` may not be stored. Below +are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. :: From 07a417f92b144f90241cd5405e9c140a0b9aa32e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 17:25:28 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 41/84] spec(gazprea): add initialization-time sizing, drop the by operator Begin folding PR #106 into the consolidated spec, with review decisions. - glossary: define `initialization` (renames #106's contested "elaboration") and `zero value` (RAII-const default; array padding). - types/array.rst: new Sizing section and an Array-vs-Vector table, both stated for arrays of any rank per #138 -- not 2-D / base-type-only. - Remove the `by` (stride) operator and `StrideError` entirely (it implies array views, which have no efficient implementation): the Stride operation, the precedence-table row, and the stride examples are gone. - Concatenating two scalars is now a `TypeError`; at least one operand of `||` must be a composite value. Refs #106. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 12 ++-- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 23 +++++++ gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 114 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 3 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index ac1705c6..d2d93141 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -33,17 +33,15 @@ override it by grouping their contents into a new atom. +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 7 | ``+``\ , ``-`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 8 | ``by`` | left | +| 8 | ``<``\ , ``>``\ , ``<=``\ , ``>=`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 9 | ``<``\ , ``>``\ , ``<=``\ , ``>=`` | left | +| 9 | ``==``\ , ``!=`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 10 | ``==``\ , ``!=`` | left | +| 10 | ``and`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 11 | ``and`` | left | +| 11 | ``or``\ , ``xor`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 12 | ``or``\ , ``xor`` | left | -+----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| (Lowest) 13 | ``||`` | right | +| (Lowest) 12 | ``||`` | right | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ .. _ssec:expressions_generators: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index 2c3a9bcc..740383fa 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -45,6 +45,29 @@ Terms .. glossary:: :sorted: + initialization + The :term:`run time` moment at which a variable declaration first + takes effect: the first time, in program order, that execution + reaches the point immediately before the declaration. A variable's + array and matrix lengths are settled at initialization and are then + fixed for the remainder of that variable's lifetime. Initialization + is distinct from :term:`compile time` -- a length need not be a + compile-time constant, only settled by the time the variable is + first used -- and from any later assignment, which never resizes a + variable. + + zero value + The value a variable of a given type holds when it is declared + without an :term:`initializer`. It is ``0`` for ``integer``, + ``0.0`` for ``real``, ``false`` for ``boolean``, and the null + character ``'\0'`` for ``character``. For a fixed-size array or + matrix it is that shape filled with the element type's zero value; + for a ``tuple`` or ``struct``, each member set to its own zero + value; for a ``vector`` or ``string``, the empty collection. A + ``const`` variable declared without an initializer keeps its zero + value for its entire lifetime; a shorter array value stored into a + longer array is padded with the element type's zero value. + aggregate type A type composed of subordinate members of possibly-different types. In ISO C the term denotes array and structure types collectively diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 899801dc..cd75e0ba 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -11,6 +11,40 @@ the same type. An array element may be of any ``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another array (which yields a higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). +.. _sssec:array_sizing: + +Sizing +~~~~~~ + +Arrays are **initialization-time sized**. The length of an array variable -- +and, for a :ref:`matrix or higher-rank array `, each of its +dimensions -- is settled exactly *once*, at the variable's +:term:`initialization`, and from that point on is fixed for the entire +lifetime of the variable. + +Initialization is not the same as :term:`compile time`. A size may be given +by an arbitrary integer expression, so a length need not be a compile-time +constant; it need only be settled by the time the array is first accessed or +assigned, and never change afterwards. Concretely: + +- A declaration such as ``integer[n] v;`` evaluates ``n`` once, at + initialization. Later changes to ``n`` have no effect on the length of + ``v``. + +- A declaration such as ``integer[*] v = ;`` takes its length from the + value of ```` at initialization. The ``*`` means "infer this length + once, here"; it does **not** mean the array is resizable. + +- No subsequent operation can change the length of an array variable. + Assignment, concatenation, and casting all produce array *values*; storing + such a value into an array variable never resizes that variable. If the + value's length does not match, it is padded with the element type's + :term:`zero value` or a ``SizeError`` is raised, as described below. + +If you need a collection whose length changes as the program runs, use a +:ref:`vector `, which is runtime sized. See +:ref:`sssec:array_vs_vector`. + .. _sssec:array_decl: Declaration @@ -124,6 +158,51 @@ method of construction. real[*] v = []; /* Should create an empty array */ +Because the length of an array is fixed at :term:`initialization`, such an +array has a length of zero permanently; it is not an "empty, growable" +array. A :ref:`vector ` declared without an initializer also +starts empty, but *can* subsequently grow. + +.. _sssec:array_vs_vector: + +Arrays Versus Vectors +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +*Gazprea* has two collection types that share the same element-wise +operations but differ in exactly one respect -- when their length is decided: + +.. list-table:: + :header-rows: 1 + :widths: 34 33 33 + + * - + - **Array** (``T[N]``, ``T[*]``, matrices of any rank) + - **Vector** (``vector``, ``string``) + * - When is the length set? + - Once, at initialization + - Continuously, at run time + * - Can it change afterwards? + - No + - Yes + * - Written in the type? + - Yes (``[N]``), or inferred once (``[*]``) + - No + * - Grows via ``push`` / ``append``? + - No -- ``SizeError`` + - Yes + * - Too-short value stored into it + - Padded with the element type's :term:`zero value` + - Vector takes the value's length + * - Too-long value stored into it + - ``SizeError`` + - Vector takes the value's length + +The two types interoperate, but only through *values*: a vector used in an +array context yields an array value of the vector's current length, and an +array value stored into a vector sets that vector's length. Neither direction +ever makes an array variable resizable. See :ref:`ssec:vector` for the +details of that interoperation. + .. _sssec:array_ops: Operations @@ -181,12 +260,14 @@ Operations 1 || [2, 3, 4] // produces [1, 2, 3, 4] - An interesting corollary to array-scalar concatenation is that - two scalars can be concatenated to produce an array: + At least one operand of ``||`` must be a composite value (an array, + :ref:`vector `, or ``string``). Concatenating two scalars + is a ``TypeError``; promote one operand to a one-element array first: :: - integer[3] v = 1 || 2 || 3; // produces [1, 2, 3] + integer[3] v = 1 || 2 || 3; // TypeError: both operands are scalars + integer[3] w = [1] || 2 || 3; // [1, 2, 3]: left operand is an array Remember that arrays have a fixed length, which means you cannot grow an @@ -285,22 +366,7 @@ Operations Out of bounds indexing must emit an ``IndexError``. - e. Stride - - The ``by`` operator is used to specify a positive step size - (``>= 1``) when indexing across an array. It produces an array with - the values indexed by the given stride. A stride ``<= 0`` raises a - ``StrideError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance: - - :: - - integer[*] v = 1..5 by 1; /* [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] */ - integer[*] u = v by 1; /* [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] */ - integer[*] w = v by 2; /* [1, 3, 5] */ - integer[*] l = v by 3; /* [1, 4] */ - integer[*] s = v by 4; /* [1, 5] */ - - d. Slices + e. Slices A slice is a contiguous subset of array elements. Slice bounds and shorthand forms are specified in :ref:`sssec:array_slices`. @@ -387,8 +453,8 @@ The left hand bound is *inclusive* and the right hand bound is *exclusive*. (Note that this differs from a range *value*, whose bounds are both inclusive: ``0..10`` written as an expression produces the integers 0 through 10, while the same syntax written inside an index -position selects elements with a right-exclusive bound.) Slicing always -has a stride of 1; apply ``by`` to the slice result for larger strides. +position selects elements with a right-exclusive bound.) A slice always +selects a contiguous run of elements. The following forms are accepted inside an index position, where ``n`` is the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed: @@ -413,7 +479,7 @@ the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. :: // 0..10 is a range, not a slice - integer[*] a = 0..10 by 2; /* a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] */ + integer[*] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* x == [2, 4] */ integer y = a[2..4][1]; /* y == 2 */ @@ -439,8 +505,8 @@ i.e. as an l-value they allow modification of the source array: procedure main() returns integer { - integer[6] a = 0..10 by 2; /* a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] */ - integer[6] b = 0..15 by 3; /* b = [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15] */ + integer[6] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; + integer[6] b = [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15]; var integer[6] c; /* c must be var */ /* procedure works normally with an array */ From b5bf29ba2c71b876425760c63867724f5dad43a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:16:57 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 42/84] spec(gazprea): reword implicit casts, add array/vector casting Renames the implicit-conversion vocabulary from 'promotion' to 'implicit cast' (heading of sec:typePromotion becomes 'Implicit Casts', label kept), and adds two-way array/vector casting sections. Part of folding #106. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 44 ++++++++++-- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 121 +++++++++++++++++++++----------- 2 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index 71d9612f..400733b9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ new type: Scalar to Array ----------------------- -A scalar may be promoted to an array of any dimension with an element type that +A scalar may be cast to an array of any dimension with an element type that the original scalar can be cast to according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. A scalar to array cast *must* include a size with the type to cast to as this cannot be inferred from the scalar value. For example: @@ -110,17 +110,47 @@ truncation can occur in all dimensions. For example: real[1][3] d = as(a); real[3][1] e = as(a); +.. _ssec:typeCasting_vec: + +Array and Vector +---------------- + +A :ref:`vector ` participates in ``as<>`` casts on both sides. + +- As the **operand** of an array cast, a vector supplies its *current* + length as the source size; the cast then pads with the element type's + zero value or truncates to the destination array's stated size, exactly + as in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov`. + +- As the **destination** type, a ``vector`` takes no size specifier: the + result simply has the length of the value being cast, so there is nothing + to pad or truncate. Only the element type is converted, per + :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. + +:: + + vector v = [1.5, 2.5, 3.5]; + + // Vector as operand: its current length (3) is the source size. + integer[2] a = as(v); // [1, 2] (truncated) + integer[5] b = as(v); // [1, 2, 3, 0, 0] (padded) + + // Vector as destination: no size; takes the value's length. + integer[3] w = [4, 5, 6]; + vector u = as >(w); // [4, 5, 6] + .. _ssec:typeCasting_ttot: Tuple to Tuple -------------- -Conversions between ``tuple`` types are also possible. The original type -and the destination type must have an equal number of internal types and -each element must be pairwise castable: scalar members follow -:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, and array members follow -:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` (including padding and truncation). For -example: +Conversions between ``tuple`` types are also possible. The source type and +the destination type must have an equal number of members, and each member +must be pairwise castable. Every member is cast by the rule for its own +kind: scalar members follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, array members +follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` (including padding and truncation), and +a nested ``tuple``, ``struct``, ``vector``, or array member follows the same +cast rules as a standalone value of that type. For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 3ca4ba6d..97ee21cb 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -1,37 +1,38 @@ .. _sec:typePromotion: -Type Promotion +Implicit Casts ============== -:term:`Type promotion` is *Gazprea*'s implicit type-conversion mechanism. -It is deliberately distinct from :ref:`type casting `, -which is the explicit mechanism invoked via ``as(value)``. +An *implicit cast* is a conversion the compiler performs automatically, +with no syntax in the program text. Implicit casts are the counterpart of +the *explicit casts* written ``as(value)`` in +:ref:`sec:typeCasting`; "cast" is the umbrella term for both. -Most conversions that can be done implicitly via promotion can also be done -explicitly via a typecast expression. There are two caveats. First, a -scalar-to-array *cast* must state the destination size explicitly -(:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`), whereas the corresponding *promotion* -infers the size from the array operand. Second, the -``string``/``character[*]`` conversion is an implicit two-way promotion -with no ``as<>`` form (see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`). +Most conversions that can be performed implicitly can also be written +explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast. There are two caveats. First, a +scalar-to-array *explicit cast* must state the destination size explicitly +(:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`), whereas the corresponding *implicit cast* +takes its size from the array operand. Second, the ``string`` / +``character[*]`` conversion is an implicit, two-way cast with no ``as<>`` +form (see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`). -Note that there is no implicit promotion from a one-dimensional array to a -two-dimensional array: only scalars broadcast, to arrays and to matrices -alike. +A scalar may be implicitly cast to an array or matrix of any rank (see +:ref:`ssec:typePromotion_stoa`). An array is never implicitly cast to a +different rank; only a scalar expands to fill an array or matrix. .. _ssec:typePromotion_scalar: Scalars ------- -The only automatic type promotion for scalars is ``integer`` to -``real``. This promotion is one way - a ``real`` cannot be automatically -converted to ``integer``. +The only automatic implicit cast between scalars is ``integer`` to +``real``. This cast is one way - a ``real`` is never implicitly cast to +``integer``. -Automatic type conversion follows this table where N/A means no implicit -conversion possible, id means no conversion necessary, -``as(var)`` means var of type "From type" is converted to type -"toType" using semantics from :ref:`sec:typeCasting`. +Automatic conversion follows this table where N/A means no implicit cast is +possible, id means no conversion necessary, ``as(var)`` means var of +type "From type" is converted to type "toType" using semantics from +:ref:`sec:typeCasting`. +----------+-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ | | **To type** | @@ -52,12 +53,12 @@ conversion possible, id means no conversion necessary, Scalar to Array -------------------------- -All scalar types can be promoted to arrays that have an internal type that the -scalar can be :ref:`converted to implicity `. +All scalar types can be implicitly cast to arrays whose element type the +scalar can be :ref:`implicitly cast to `. This can occur when an array is used in an operation with a scalar value. -The scalar will be implicitly converted to an array of -equivalent dimensions and equivalent internal type. For example: +The scalar is implicitly cast to an array of equivalent dimensions and +element type. For example: :: @@ -80,22 +81,24 @@ Other examples: 1 == [1, 1] // True 1..2 || 3 // [1, 2, 3] -Note that an array can never be downcast to a scalar, -even if type casting is used. Also note that matrix multiply imposes strict -requirements on the dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is -that, *as an operand of matrix multiplication* (``**``), a scalar can only -be promoted to a matrix when the other operand is a square matrix -(:math:`m \times m`). In element-wise operations and initializations a -scalar broadcasts to a matrix of any dimensions. +Note that an array can never be cast down to a scalar, even explicitly. +Also note that matrix multiply imposes strict requirements on the +dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is that, *as an operand of +matrix multiplication* (``**``), a scalar can only be implicitly cast to a +matrix when the other operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`). In +element-wise operations and initializations a scalar is implicitly cast to +a matrix of any dimensions. Tuple to Tuple -------------- -Tuples may be promoted to another tuple type if it has an equal number of -internal types and the original internal types can be implicitly -converted to the new internal types. Each member converts by the rule for -its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar promotion table above, and -array members follow the array promotion rules. For example: +A tuple may be implicitly cast to another tuple type when the two have an +equal number of members and each member of the source can be implicitly +cast to the corresponding member of the destination. Each member is cast by +the rule for its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar table above, +array members follow the array rules, and a nested ``tuple``, ``struct``, +``vector``, or array member follows the same implicit-cast rules as a +standalone value of that type. For example: :: @@ -123,20 +126,56 @@ Therefore, tuple elements also copied accordingly. For example: baz.2 -> std_output; // 4 -It is possible for a two sided promotion to occur with tuples. For example: +It is possible for a two-sided implicit cast to occur with tuples. For +example: :: boolean b = (1.0, 2) == (2, 3.0); +.. _ssec:implicitCast_avv: + +Array to/from Vector +-------------------- + +An array value and a :ref:`vector ` are implicitly cast to one +another in both directions. Like every implicit cast this converts a +*value*; it never changes how either side is sized. Element types convert +per the scalar implicit-cast table in :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_scalar`. + +- **Vector to array.** The vector's *current* length produces the array + value. Storing that value into an array obeys the array's own + :ref:`fixed length `: a shorter value is padded with + the element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raises a + ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). If the destination is an inferred + ``[*]`` array and this is its :term:`initialization`, the vector's current + length becomes that array's permanent length. + +- **Array to vector.** The array's fixed length produces the vector value. + The receiving vector takes that length and may still grow afterwards via + ``push``/``append``. + +:: + + vector vec = [1, 2, 3]; // current length 3 + integer[3] a = vec; // [1, 2, 3] + integer[5] b = vec; // [1, 2, 3, 0, 0] (padded) + integer[*] c = vec; // length inferred as 3, then fixed + + integer[2] d = [7, 8]; + var vector w = d; // [7, 8]; w may still grow + w.push(9); // [7, 8, 9] + .. _ssec:typePromotion_string: Character Array to/from String ------------------------------- -A ``string`` can be implicitly converted to a ``character`` array -(``character[*]``) and vice-versa (two-way type promotion). Because a -``string`` is itself a vector of ``character`` (see :ref:`ssec:string`), +A ``string`` value can be implicitly cast to a ``character`` array +(``character[*]``) and vice versa (a two-way implicit cast). Because a +``string`` is a language-supplied typealias for ``vector`` (see +:ref:`ssec:string`), this is simply the array/vector implicit cast of +:ref:`ssec:implicitCast_avv` specialised to the ``character`` element type; the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*. :: From 54d22f505dbff2864aa2127a6fdeba296e1314a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:17:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 43/84] spec(gazprea): make string a vector typealias, methods are procedures string is now a language-supplied typealias for vector (not a sub-type). Methods are defined as procedures with a self parameter; only vector/string have them. Adds ragged rules: vector> may be ragged, vector may not; no broadcasting or shape(). Folds #106. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 47 +++++++++++++---------- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index f40eeb1c..2444d14d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -3,16 +3,21 @@ String ------ -A ``string`` is another object within *Gazprea*. Fundamentally, a ``string`` is -a ``vector`` of ``character``. -This means that, like a vector, a string behaves like a dynamically sized array, -but because it is an object *Gazprea* can provide type specific features. - -String vectors behave a lot like character arrays, but there are several -differences between the two types: -an :ref:`extra literal style `, -the :ref:`result type of a concatenation ` -and :ref:`behaviour when sent to an output stream `. +A ``string`` is a language-supplied *typealias* for ``vector``: +the two are the same type by strong equivalence, not a distinct sub-type. +Anything true of a ``vector`` is therefore true of a ``string``, +and the two may be used interchangeably. + +Because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, it is runtime-sized and unbounded +like any other vector: its length is simply the length of its underlying +character sequence, which may grow (for example through the ``push`` and +``append`` methods). There is no separate sized or bounded string type. + +Although a ``string`` and a plain ``character`` array behave alike in most +respects, *Gazprea* still treats the two differently in a few places: +strings have an :ref:`extra literal style `, a distinct +:ref:`result type for concatenation `, and special +:ref:`behaviour when sent to an output stream `. .. _sssec:string_decl: @@ -67,18 +72,19 @@ Operations As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them as the other array data types. -Remember that because a ``string`` and vector of ``character`` are fundamentally -the same, the concatenation operation may be used to concatenate values of the -two types. The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of +Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, the +concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine ``string`` values with +``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of ``||`` is a ``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of character arrays (or characters) alone yields a character array. You may also append a slice of characters to a string using the append method. As well, a :term:`scalar ` character may be concatenated onto a string in the same way as it would be concatenated onto an array of characters. -Note that because a ``string`` is a sub-type of ``vector``, concatenation may -also be accomplished with the ``append`` and ``push`` methods (see -:ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have exactly the vector method set): +Note that because ``string`` is a typealias for ``vector``, +concatenation may also be accomplished with the ``append`` and ``push`` +methods (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have exactly the vector +method set): :: @@ -94,8 +100,9 @@ prints the following: abcdefg -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that ``string`` may be cast and/or promoted to, see the -sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. +To see the types that a ``string`` may be cast to -- explicitly with +``as<>()`` or through an implicit cast -- see the sections on +:ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index ab9cf0e3..f1ca3cb7 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -3,17 +3,24 @@ Vectors ------- -Vectors are language supported objects that allow for dynamically sized arrays. +Vectors are language-supported objects that provide runtime-sized arrays. +Unlike an array, whose length is fixed once at its :term:`initialization` +(see :ref:`sssec:array_vs_vector`), a vector is *runtime sized*: it begins +at some length and may grow over its lifetime through its mutating methods +(``push`` and ``append``). + Once created, ``vectors`` in *Gazprea* interoperate with arrays for the element types they both support: they can be intermixed with arrays in expressions; they can be used on the RHS of array declarations and initializations; and they can be passed as array arguments to functions -and procedures. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct type, and the -differences include (non-exhaustively): vectors have methods where arrays -have none, a mixed binary operation between a vector and an array produces -an *array* result, and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size -of its *first* element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its -longest row (see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). +and procedures. When a vector appears in an expression it is used as an +array value of its *current* length. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct +type, and the differences include (non-exhaustively): vectors have methods +where arrays have none; a mixed binary operation between a vector and an +array produces an *array* result (vector-ness is not propagated through +operators); and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size of its +*first* element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its longest +row (see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). .. _sssec:vec_decl: @@ -51,13 +58,20 @@ are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. const vector v6 = 1; // [1.0] -Vectors of inferred sized arrays assume the size of the *first* array in the vector. -Subsequent array elements of less than the inferred size are padded. -Those greater raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. (Contrast with +Vectors of inferred-size arrays (``vector``) assume the shape of the +*first* array in the vector. Subsequent array elements shorter than the +inferred size are padded with the element type's :term:`zero value`; those +longer raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. (Contrast with :ref:`matrix construction `, where rows pad to the *longest* row: the same nested literal can be legal as a matrix and a ``SizeError`` as a vector of arrays.) +A vector of arrays is therefore never ragged: every array element has the +same shape as the first element. A ``vector>``, by contrast, +*may* be ragged, because each inner vector carries its own runtime length +and no element imposes its shape on the others. This version of the +language has no broadcasting and no ``shape()`` operation. + :: const vector vec = ['a', 'b', 'c']; @@ -70,20 +84,31 @@ Operations ~~~~~~~~~~~ Operations on vectors use the same syntax as operations on arrays and, -except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics. +except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics: in an +expression a vector is treated as an array value of its current length. In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot product. All binary operations between a vector and an array produce -array results. +*array* results -- vector-ness is not propagated through operators. .. _sssec:vec_methods: Method Calls ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` -(and its sub-type :ref:`string `). A method call has the form +As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` +(and therefore for the typealias :ref:`string `, which is just +``vector``). A method call has the form ``receiver.method(arguments)`` and is governed by the following rules: +- A method call is defined as a procedure whose first parameter is the + receiver. A method ``m(args)`` invoked on a ``vector`` receiver + behaves exactly as a call to + ``procedure m(vector self, args...) returns U``: the receiver is bound + to ``self`` and the call has ordinary procedure-call semantics. Only + ``vector`` (and thus ``string``, its typealias) has methods in this + version of the language; user-defined methods on ``struct`` types are a + future extension. + - The receiver must be a variable of a language-supported object type (``vector`` or ``string``). Arrays, array slices, and the (array-valued) results of expressions have no methods; calling a method on them is a @@ -91,7 +116,11 @@ As a language supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` - A method call whose result is used is an expression. A method call may also stand alone as a statement, terminated by a semicolon; this is the - only expression form that may be used as a statement. + only expression form that may be used as a statement. An explicit + ``call`` statement may also be applied to a method call, but because the + builtin methods act through the receiver, ``call m(...)`` is effectively + a no-op form -- it behaves like calling a procedure and discarding its + result. - Mutating methods (``push``, ``append``) additionally require the receiver to be declared ``var``. Inside a :ref:`function `, @@ -106,10 +135,11 @@ The methods are: - ``len()`` - number of elements in the vector - ``append(x)`` - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element type: - if ``x`` is promotable to ``T`` it is appended as a single element; - otherwise ``x`` must be an array whose elements are each promotable to - ``T``, and its elements are appended in order. When both readings apply, - the single-element reading is used. + if ``x`` is a single value implicitly castable to ``T`` it is cast to + ``T`` and appended as a single element; otherwise ``x`` must be an array + whose elements are each implicitly castable to ``T``, and its elements + are appended in order. When both readings apply, the single-element + reading is used. :: @@ -128,7 +158,7 @@ The methods are: var vector v2; // v2 == [] const x = 1..10; - // `1` is promoted to `[1.0, 1.0]` before appending + // `1` is implicitly cast to `[1.0, 1.0]` before appending v2.append(1); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0]] // length 1 array padded to length 2 From 0105a030720d39e256d9d51481455ec23767427b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:17:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 44/84] spec(gazprea): thread initialization-time sizing through core chapters Assignment sizing (array pads/SizeError vs vector replaces), generators always yield arrays, vectors print as arrays, length() on a vector is current-length. Replaces the shape() built-in with rows/columns. Folds #106. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++------ gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 19 +++++++++++-- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 8 +++++- 4 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 9dd7c504..f9b4f41e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ If a :term:`declaration` or a :term:`definition` with the same name as a built-in function is encountered in a *Gazprea* program, then the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins work -on Vectors and Strings, since they are always compatible with arrays. +Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins also +work on :ref:`vectors ` and :ref:`strings `, since +these are always compatible with arrays. When a built-in operates on a +vector or string, it uses whatever length that value currently holds. .. _ssec:builtIn_length: @@ -31,27 +33,48 @@ representing the number of elements in the array. length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 5 */ +Because an array is :term:`initialization`-time sized, ``length`` applied to +an array is invariant after :term:`initialization`: every call returns the +same number. Applied to a :ref:`vector ` (or a +:ref:`string `), ``length`` returns the value's *current* +length instead, so two calls may return different numbers if the vector grew +in between. In this role ``length`` is simply the built-in spelling of the +vector's :ref:`len ` method. + +:: + + var vector v = [1, 2, 3]; + + length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 3 */ + + v.push(4); /* 'v' is now [1, 2, 3, 4] */ + + length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 4 */ + .. _ssec:builtIn_rows_cols: -Shape ------ +Rows and Columns +---------------- -The built-in ``shape`` operates on arrays of any dimension, and returns an -array listing the size of each dimension. +The built-ins ``rows`` and ``columns`` report the dimensions of a +two-dimensional array (a :ref:`matrix `): ``rows`` returns the +number of rows and ``columns`` the number of columns. (There is no +rank-agnostic ``shape`` built-in in this version of the language.) :: integer[*][*] M = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]; - shape(M) -> std_output; /* Prints [2, 3] */ + rows(M) -> std_output; /* Prints 2 */ + columns(M) -> std_output; /* Prints 3 */ .. _ssec:builtIn_reverse: Reverse ------- -The reverse built-in takes any single dimensional array, Vector, or String, and returns a +The reverse built-in takes any single dimensional array, vector, or string, and returns a reversed version of it. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index d2d93141..394ce70c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -50,11 +50,19 @@ Generators ---------- A generator may be used to construct either a one or two dimensional array. +A generator always yields an :ref:`array ` value -- never a +:ref:`vector ` -- whose size is settled at the moment the +generator is evaluated and is fixed thereafter. Using a generator (or a +range) to initialize an inferred-size array such as an ``integer[*]`` is +therefore one of the ways an array's length becomes fixed at +:term:`initialization` (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). A generator creates a value of a 1D array type when one :term:`iterator variable` is used, and a 2D array type when two iterator variables are used. -Any other number of iterator variables must emit a ``SyntaxError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Supplying any other number of iterator variables is ill-formed and is +reported through *Gazprea*'s standard error taxonomy rather than as a +generator-specific error: the compiler must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). In particular, *Gazprea* does not currently support generators over three or more iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays with three or more dimensions). @@ -159,6 +167,13 @@ instance: This is true for domain expressions within generators as well. +Because the domain is captured by evaluating it once, a runtime-sized +domain fixes its iteration count at that moment. A :ref:`vector +` or :ref:`string ` may serve as the domain, +and the length it holds when the domain is evaluated sets the number of +iterations; growing the vector or string inside the loop body does not +add iterations. + Iterator variables can be assigned to and :term:`re-declared ` within the enclosed iterator loop. Neither carries information into the next iteration: the next iteration performs diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 1240615c..59a76385 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ side. x -> std_output; /* Prints 6 */ Type checking must be performed on assignment statements. The expression -on the right hand side must have a type that can be automatically -promoted to the type of the variable. For instance: +on the right hand side must have a type that can be implicitly cast +to the type of the variable. For instance: :: @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ promoted to the type of the variable. For instance: var real real_var = 0.0; var boolean bool_var = true; - /* Since 'int_var' is an integer it can be promoted to a real number */ + /* Since 'int_var' is an integer it can be implicitly cast to a real number */ real_var = int_var; /* Legal */ /* Real numbers can not be turned into boolean values automatically. \*/ @@ -74,6 +74,35 @@ This applies to arrays of any dimension. /* Change a single position of M \*/ M[1][2] = 7; /* M is now [[1, 7], [3, 4]] */ +Assigning a whole array value changes an array's *contents*, never its +*length*. Because an array is :term:`initialization`-time sized, its +length is fixed once at :term:`initialization`; the right hand side is +fitted to that fixed length, with a shorter value padded using the +element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raising a +``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors` and :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). +Assigning to a :ref:`vector ` behaves differently: it +replaces the contents *and* the length together, so there is no padding +and no ``SizeError``. + +:: + + var integer[*] a = [1, 2, 3]; + + /* 'a' keeps its fixed length 3; the shorter value is padded with + the integer zero value, so 'a' becomes [4, 5, 0]. */ + a = [4, 5]; + + /* A longer value cannot fit the fixed length -- SizeError. */ + a = [4, 5, 6, 7]; /* SizeError */ + +:: + + var vector vec = [1, 2, 3]; + + /* A vector replaces contents and length together, so 'vec' + becomes [4, 5] with length 2 -- no padding, no SizeError. */ + vec = [4, 5]; + Tuples also have a special unpacking syntax in *Gazprea*. A tuple’s field may be assigned to comma separated variables instead of a tuple variable. For instance: @@ -89,7 +118,7 @@ variable. For instance: /* x == 1, and y == 2.0 now */ x, y = tup; - /* Types can be promoted */ + /* Types can be implicitly cast */ /* z == 1.0, y == 2.0 */ z, y = tup; @@ -98,7 +127,7 @@ variable. For instance: z, y = (y, z); The types of the variables must match the types of the tuple’s fields, -or the tuple’s fields must be able to be automatically promoted to the +or the tuple’s fields must be able to be implicitly cast to the variable’s type. The number of variables in the comma separated list must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case the compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This @@ -473,7 +502,7 @@ procedure. When a function/procedure returns then execution continues where the function/procedure was called. If the function/procedure has a return type then the ``return`` statement must -be given a value that is the same as or able to be promoted to (see +be given a value that is the same as or able to be implicitly cast to (see :ref:`sec:typePromotion`) the return type; this will be the result of the function/procedure call. Here is an example: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index b21ee68c..3269bb7d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ prints the following: [1 2 3] +:ref:`vectors ` print exactly as :ref:`arrays ` +do, using whatever length the vector holds at the time of the output +statement. A :ref:`string ` is the sole exception: although +a string is a vector of characters, it prints its characters contiguously +rather than in bracketed array form, as shown next. + :ref:`strings ` print their contents as a contiguous sequence of characters. For example: @@ -120,7 +126,7 @@ Input streams may only work on the following primitive types: - ``boolean``: Reads a boolean from stdin. If a boolean value could not be read, an :ref:`error state ` is set on this stream. -Type promotion is not performed for stream input over any type. +Implicit casting is not performed for stream input over any type. .. _sssec:input_format: From 3fe3b1bcbfe43a2b41294b6f34103dc4eaefb3a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:17:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 45/84] spec(gazprea): specify array/vector parameter sizing and call positions Explicit-size array params are part of the signature; inferred [*] is initialized at the call; var array can't resize but var vector can. Single source-of-truth list of legal procedure-call positions; call results are castable. Folds #106. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 31 +++++++- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 141 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 2 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index a355f81f..2dc81bc1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ These can be called as follows: :: integer x = f(); /* x == 1 */ - real c = pythag(3, 4); /* Type promotion to real arguments. c == 5.0 */ + real c = pythag(3, 4); /* 3 and 4 are implicitly cast to real. c == 5.0 */ real value = get([i in 1..10 | i], 3); /* value == 3 */ A function’s body can also be given by a block statement instead of a @@ -185,6 +185,29 @@ The arguments and return value of functions can have both explicit and inferred } +The size written in a parameter or return type is part of how each call is +checked: + +- An **explicitly sized** array parameter such as ``real[3][3]`` makes that + size part of the function's signature. The corresponding argument must have + exactly that length in every dimension, or the compiler must emit a + ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +- An **inferred-size** array parameter such as ``integer[*]`` imposes no size + requirement of its own. It is :term:`initialized ` at the + call from the argument that is passed, taking on that argument's length, + which is then fixed for the duration of the call (see + :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). + +- An **inferred-size return type** such as ``real[*]`` is likewise + :term:`initialized ` at the ``return`` statement, from the + value being returned. + +- A :ref:`vector ` parameter or return type (for example + ``vector``, or the :ref:`string ` alias) carries no + length in its type, so no length check applies in either direction; the + parameter simply takes on the length of the value passed or returned. + Like Rust, array *slices* may be passed as arguments: :: @@ -203,9 +226,9 @@ Like Rust, array *slices* may be passed as arguments: Remember that all function parameters are ``const`` in *Gazprea*, so that all functions are pure. That means that while it is legal to pass arrays and slices -*by reference*, the array contents cannot be modified inside the function, -because the change would be visible outside the function. You must check that -the ``const`` requirement is honored. +*by reference*, a function can change neither the contents nor the length of an +array, vector, or string it receives, because such a change would be visible +outside the function. You must check that the ``const`` requirement is honored. .. _ssec:function_namespacing: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 092d5558..4dbfc6f2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -16,13 +16,29 @@ have to be :term:`pure ` and as a result it may: - A procedure can call other procedures. -- Procedures can only be called in the RHS of declaration statements, RHS - of assignment statements or as the procedure being called in a call statement. +In exchange for these capabilities, the ways in which a procedure *call* may be +used are restricted. -- When used within a valid statement, the only legal operators which can - be applied to a procedure call are unary operators and casts. - Additionally, the result of the call may not be used in the direct construction - of a type that does not match the return type of the procedure. +.. _ssec:procedure_call_positions: + +A procedure call may appear only in one of three positions: + +- on the right-hand side of a declaration statement, + +- on the right-hand side of an assignment statement, or + +- as the procedure being called in a ``call`` statement. + +This is the single authoritative list of those positions: wherever else this +specification refers to where a procedure call may appear, it points back to +this list rather than restating it. In particular, a procedure call may not be +used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. + +When a procedure call appears in one of these positions, the only operations +that may be applied to its result are unary operators and +:ref:`casts `. The result may additionally not be used in the +direct construction of a type that does not match the return type of the +procedure. Aside from this (and the different syntax necessary to declare/define them), procedures are very similar to functions. The extra capabilities @@ -84,12 +100,13 @@ The compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for -impure functions. As listed at the top of this chapter, procedure calls may -appear only on the RHS of a declaration, on the RHS of an assignment, or in -a ``call`` statement; in particular, a procedure call may not be used as -the control expression of a control-flow statement. The return value of a -procedure call can only be manipulated with unary operators and casts; using -the result of a procedure call in a binary expression is :term:`ill-formed`. +impure functions. The positions in which a procedure call may appear are +exactly :ref:`those listed at the start of this chapter +`; in particular, a procedure call may not be +used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. As noted there, the +only operations permitted on the result of a procedure call are unary operators +and :ref:`casts `; using the result of a procedure call in a +binary expression is :term:`ill-formed`. For example: :: @@ -143,21 +160,24 @@ one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. .. _ssec:procedure_alias: -Type Promotion of Arguments +Implicit Casts of Arguments --------------------------- -Argument types can be promoted at call time, but only if the argument is -call by value (``const``). The reason is that mutable arguments are effectively -call by reference, and are therefore *l-values* (pointers). +An argument may be :ref:`implicitly cast ` to the parameter +type at call time, but only if the argument is passed by value (that is, the +parameter is ``const``). A mutable (``var``) parameter is effectively call by +reference, so the parameter and the argument denote the same *l-value* (a +pointer); there is no separate value to convert, and so no implicit cast can be +inserted. :: procedure byvalue(string x) returns integer { - return x.len(); + return length(x); } procedure byreference(var string x) returns integer { - return x.len(); + return length(x); } procedure main() returns integer { const character[3] y = ['y', 'e', 's']; @@ -168,6 +188,18 @@ call by reference, and are therefore *l-values* (pointers). return 0; } +In ``byvalue(y)`` the argument ``y`` is a ``character[3]`` and the parameter is +a :ref:`string ` -- a runtime-sized :ref:`vector ` of +``character``. Because the parameter is passed by value, the *value* of ``y`` is +implicitly cast to a ``string``, and that ``string`` is what ``byvalue`` +receives; the caller's array ``y`` is left unchanged. + +The call ``byreference(y)`` is illegal for two independent reasons. First, the +parameter ``var string x`` is call by reference, which admits no implicit cast: +there is no distinct value to convert, only the caller's storage. Second, even +setting that aside, the argument ``y`` is ``const``, and a ``var`` parameter +cannot bind a ``const`` argument. + Aliasing -------- @@ -234,12 +266,75 @@ aliasing. Array Parameters and Returns ---------------------------------------- -:ref:`As with functions `, the arguments and return -value of procedures can have both explicit and inferred sizes. +:ref:`As with functions `, the parameters and return +value of a procedure can have both explicit and inferred sizes, and the same +checking rules apply: + +- An explicitly sized array parameter such as ``real[3][3]`` makes that size + part of the procedure's signature; the corresponding argument must match it + in every dimension, or the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see + :ref:`sec:errors`). + +- An inferred-size array parameter such as ``integer[*]`` is + :term:`initialized ` at the call from the argument that is + passed, taking on that argument's length for the duration of the call. An + inferred-size return type is likewise initialized at the ``return``, from the + value being returned. + +- A :ref:`vector ` parameter or return type carries no length in + its type, so no length check applies in either direction. + +Slices can be used wherever arrays are declared as parameters (see +:ref:`sssec:array_slices`). Unlike functions, an array parameter of a procedure +may be ``var``, allowing the array or slice passed to it to be modified. + +.. _ssec:procedure_mutation: + +Mutating Array and Vector Parameters +---------------------------------------- + +A ``var`` parameter is call by reference, so a procedure may change what the +caller sees through it. What may change depends on whether the parameter is an +array or a vector: + +- A ``var`` array parameter is mutable in its **contents only**. Because an + array is :ref:`initialization-time sized `, a procedure + cannot change the length of an array it was passed. Assigning a value of the + same length replaces the contents; a shorter value is padded with the + element type's :term:`zero value`; a longer value raises a ``SizeError`` + (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +- A ``var`` :ref:`vector ` parameter is runtime sized and so + **may be grown**: ``push`` and ``append`` (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`) + add elements, and because the parameter is call by reference the caller + observes the new length once the call returns. + +For instance, ``fill`` overwrites the contents of an array without changing its +length, while ``extend`` lengthens a vector that its caller then observes: + +:: + + procedure fill(var integer[*] a, integer x) { + a = x; /* every element of a becomes x; a's length is unchanged */ + } + + procedure extend(var vector v, integer x) { + v.push(x); /* v grows by one element */ + } + + procedure main() returns integer { + var integer[3] a = 0; + var vector v = [1, 2]; + + call fill(a, 7); /* a == [7, 7, 7]; still length 3 */ + call extend(v, 3); /* v == [1, 2, 3]; caller now sees length 3 */ + + return 0; + } -Similarly, slices can be used whereever arrays are declared as parameters, and -unlike functions, array parameters in procedures can be ``var``, allowing arrays -and slices passed to a procedure to be modified (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). +Functions, by contrast, cannot mutate their parameters at all: every function +parameter is ``const``, so a function can change neither the contents nor the +length of an array, vector, or string it receives. .. _ssec:procedure_namespacing: From 9d50acbf7b7f51300218beeb4b5a7ab292e47bee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:17:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 46/84] spec(gazprea): struct qualifiers, drop StrideError, fix zero values Combined struct form takes const/var and structs may be defined in any scope; drop the duplicated Associativity column and StrideError; matrix sizing note. Corrects the character zero value to a space (not the null char) in the glossary and declarations. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/impl/errors.rst | 15 ++----- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 17 +++++--- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 74 +++++++++++++++++----------------- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 16 +++++--- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 25 +++++++----- 6 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst index 6da69bfa..55b14efb 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst @@ -159,11 +159,6 @@ Here are the compile-time errors your compiler must throw: is applied to or between arrays with invalid or incompatible sizes. -* ``StrideError`` - - May be raised during compilation if the ``by`` operation is used with a stride value - ``<=0``. - Here is an example invalid program and a corresponding compile-time error: :: @@ -206,11 +201,6 @@ at compile time or at runtime and the tester will accommodate different implemen Raised at runtime if either zero to the power of N, where N is <= 0, or a division by zero is evaluated. -* ``StrideError`` - - Raised at runtime if the ``by`` operation is used with a stride value - ``<=0``. - Here is an example :term:`ill-formed` program. If your compiler is smart, you may raise the later error, if you prefer not to implement static analysis, the former error can be emitted at runtime. @@ -293,13 +283,14 @@ example of a run-time error test case and the corresponding expected output file :: procedure main() returns integer { - 1..1 by 0 -> std_output; + integer x = 0; + 5 / x -> std_output; return 0; } :: - StrideError + MathError How to make the Tester Happy ------------------------------------------ diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index bc0f1196..ee5d9c10 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -30,14 +30,19 @@ when the program is run. declaration is also an :term:`initialization `, and no variable is ever observable in an uninitialized state. When the programmer omits the explicit initializer, the compiler implicitly -initializes the variable to the *default value* of its type. -The default value is ``0`` for ``integer`` and ``real``, -``false`` for ``boolean``, ``' '`` for ``character``, the empty -string ``""`` for ``string``, and the element-wise default for +initializes the variable to the :term:`zero value` of its type. +The zero value is ``0`` for ``integer``, ``0.0`` for ``real``, +``false`` for ``boolean``, ``' '`` (a space) for ``character``, +the empty string ``""`` for ``string``, and, for :term:`aggregate types ` (arrays, vectors, tuples, -structs). *Gazprea* has no ``null`` value. +structs), each element or field set to its own zero value. +*Gazprea* has no ``null`` value. +An array's length is likewise settled at :term:`initialization` and is +then fixed for the remainder of the variable's lifetime (see +:ref:`sssec:array_sizing`): an uninitialized array holds its declared +number of elements, each set to the element type's zero value. This applies to ``const`` declarations as well: a ``const`` variable -declared without an initializer is legal and holds the default value of +declared without an initializer is legal and holds the zero value of its type permanently. For simplicity *Gazprea* assumes that declarations can only appear at diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index 740383fa..c99fc6e6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ Terms zero value The value a variable of a given type holds when it is declared without an :term:`initializer`. It is ``0`` for ``integer``, - ``0.0`` for ``real``, ``false`` for ``boolean``, and the null - character ``'\0'`` for ``character``. For a fixed-size array or + ``0.0`` for ``real``, ``false`` for ``boolean``, and ``' '`` (a + space) for ``character``. For a fixed-size array or matrix it is that shape filled with the element type's zero value; for a ``tuple`` or ``struct``, each member set to its own zero value; for a ``vector`` or ``string``, the empty collection. A diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index b052cea8..bbd50fda 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -37,39 +37,39 @@ The following operations are defined between ``integer`` values. In all of the usage examples ``int-expr`` means some ``integer`` yielding expression. -+------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | **Associativity** | -+============+==========================+============+==========================+===================+ -| Grouping | parentheses | ``()`` | ``(int-expr)`` | N/A | -+------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| Arithmetic | addition | ``+`` | ``int-expr + int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | subtraction | ``-`` | ``int-expr - int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | multiplication | ``*`` | ``int-expr * int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | division | ``/`` | ``int-expr / int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | remainder | ``%`` | ``int-expr % int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | exponentiation | ``^`` | ``int-expr ^ int-expr`` | right | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | unary negation | ``-`` | ``- int-expr`` | right | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | unary plus (no-op) | ``+`` | ``+ int-expr`` | right | -+------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| Comparison | less than | ``<`` | ``int-expr < int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | greater than | ``>`` | ``int-expr > int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | less than or equal to | ``<=`` | ``int-expr <= int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | greater than or equal to | ``>=`` | ``int-expr >= int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | equals | ``==`` | ``int-expr == int-expr`` | left | -| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ -| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``int-expr != int-expr`` | left | -+------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ ++------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | ++============+==========================+============+==========================+ +| Grouping | parentheses | ``()`` | ``(int-expr)`` | ++------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| Arithmetic | addition | ``+`` | ``int-expr + int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | subtraction | ``-`` | ``int-expr - int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | multiplication | ``*`` | ``int-expr * int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | division | ``/`` | ``int-expr / int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | remainder | ``%`` | ``int-expr % int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | exponentiation | ``^`` | ``int-expr ^ int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | unary negation | ``-`` | ``- int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | unary plus (no-op) | ``+`` | ``+ int-expr`` | ++------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| Comparison | less than | ``<`` | ``int-expr < int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | greater than | ``>`` | ``int-expr > int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | less than or equal to | ``<=`` | ``int-expr <= int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | greater than or equal to | ``>=`` | ``int-expr >= int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | equals | ``==`` | ``int-expr == int-expr`` | +| +--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ +| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``int-expr != int-expr`` | ++------------+--------------------------+------------+--------------------------+ Unary negation produces the additive inverse of the ``integer`` expression. Unary plus always produces the same result as the @@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that ``integer`` may be cast and/or promoted to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +To see the types that ``integer`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index f14507e4..d15ab730 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ case, and this section describes it in full; higher-rank arrays follow the same construction, indexing, and element-wise operation rules, generalized to ``k`` index positions. The rank-2 operators discussed below (matrix multiplication, ``rows``, and ``columns``) are defined on matrices -specifically; their generalization to a rank-agnostic ``shape`` interface -is left to a future revision of this specification. +specifically; their generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a +future revision of this specification. .. _sssec:matrix_decl: @@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ valid matrix declarations: integer[*][2] D = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]]; integer[*][*] E = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]]; +Both matrix dimensions are :term:`initialization`-time sized: each length is +fixed once when the matrix is :term:`initialized ` and never +changes thereafter. A ``[*]`` in either position infers that dimension once +from the initializer — exactly as ``[*]`` infers the length of a 1-D array — +after which it too is fixed. + .. _sssec:matrix_constr: Construction @@ -130,9 +136,9 @@ As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices must emit an ``IndexError``. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that matrix may be cast and/or promoted to, see +To see the types that a matrix may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 072fb4b2..405b5f2a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -42,9 +42,15 @@ respectively. A struct declaration may optionally be followed by an identifier, as in the first example: ``struct s1 (...) t1;`` declares the type ``s1`` *and* a variable ``t1`` of that type in one statement, exactly equivalent to -``struct s1 (...); s1 t1;``. The combined form takes no qualifier, so the -variable it declares is ``const`` (the default); to declare a mutable -instance, use the split form with ``var``, as the ``t2`` example does. +``struct s1 (...); s1 t1;``. The combined form takes an optional qualifier +(``var`` or ``const``), exactly like any other +:ref:`declaration `: the bare ``struct s1 (...) t1;`` and +the explicit ``const struct s1 (...) t1;`` both declare an immutable ``t1`` +(``const`` is the default), while ``var struct s1 (...) t1;`` declares a +mutable one. The split form, as the ``t2`` example shows, is equivalent. +A mutable struct instance such as ``var struct s1 (...) t1;`` (or the split +``var s1 t1;``) is legal in exactly the same positions as a mutable ``var`` +:ref:`tuple `. .. _sssec:struct_typealias: @@ -145,11 +151,11 @@ Two structs are equal when all fields within each struct have the same value. Comparing two structs of different types must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A struct itself cannot be cast or promoted. However, the fields within a struct -can be individually cast/promoted, as described in +A struct itself cannot be cast or implicitly cast. However, the fields within a +struct can be individually cast or implicitly cast, as described in sections :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. .. _ssec:struct_namespacing: @@ -157,6 +163,7 @@ sections :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. Struct Namespacing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -In *Gazprea*, struct declarations can occur in *any* scope. +In *Gazprea*, struct *definitions* may occur in *any* scope, including +inside function and procedure bodies as well as at global scope. This means that two struct types with the same name *can* coexist in the same -gazprea program so long as they are not in the same scope +gazprea program so long as they are not in the same scope. From bb0c48495d836e88130f890ff6ca575c7d3de4cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 18:39:56 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 47/84] spec(gazprea): apply review pass 1 findings Fixes the unambiguous findings from the adversarial ratification review: - Complete the promotion -> implicit-cast rename: per-type "Type Casting and Implicit Casts" headings, a glossary "implicit cast" term, and dropping the false "every promotion has an as<> form" claim. - Reconcile contradictions: a generator's rank is set by iterator-variable count, not domain shape; rows/columns are matrix-only; push/append on an array is a TypeError (arrays have no methods), not a SizeError. - Remove `by` from the keyword list; fix the IndexError example (integer[4] -> x[4]) and the mislabeled i[1] SymbolError -> TypeError. - Renumber the array Operations list (a..f), link lvalue/rvalue, use "primitive type", state a global string is illegal, plus many typo, curly-quote, agreement, and US-locale fixes. Design questions the review surfaced are deliberately left untouched (runtime array size vs constexpr, integer ^ and division semantics, the boolean/character cast mapping, namespace count) pending a language-owner decision. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/impl/errors.rst | 4 +-- gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 6 ++-- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 17 +++++----- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 18 +++++++---- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 36 +++++++++------------- gazprea/spec/keywords.rst | 2 -- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 4 +-- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 6 ++-- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 16 +++++----- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 21 +++++++------ gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 18 ++++++----- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 7 +++-- gazprea/spec/typedef.rst | 4 +-- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 53 ++++++++++++++++---------------- gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 8 ++--- gazprea/spec/types/character.rst | 8 ++--- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 13 ++++---- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 6 ++-- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 15 +++++++-- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 12 ++++---- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 3 +- 24 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst index 55b14efb..93c8161a 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ prefer not to implement static analysis, the former error can be emitted at runt 1 procedure main() returns integer { 2 integer[3] x = [2, 4, 6]; - 3 return integer[4]; + 3 return x[4]; 4 } :: @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ More Examples v(3) = 'X'; // SyntaxError v[i] = '?'; // Runtime error v['a'] = '!'; // TypeError - i[1] = 1; // SymbolError + i[1] = 1; // TypeError /* Tuples */ tuple (integer, integer) a = (9, 5); diff --git a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst index 673bdb23..17729bbe 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ An expression is a valid ``constexpr`` if it is composed exclusively of: 1. :term:`Literals ` of :term:`primitive types ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``). 2. The operators ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``not``, ``and``, ``or``, - between two or more ``constexpr``\ s. + ``xor``, between two or more ``constexpr``\ s. 3. Constructors for :term:`aggregate types `, provided that the aggregate is const and all members are ``constexpr``\ s. 4. Index or field access on ``constexpr`` aggregate types. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index ee5d9c10..2394b6c3 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ The following declaration placement is legal: i = i + 1; } -The declaration of a variable happens after initialization. A program -that refers to a variable within its own initialization statement is -therefore :term:`ill-formed`. +A variable's name enters :term:`scope` only after its initializer has +been evaluated. A program that refers to a variable within its own +initialization statement is therefore :term:`ill-formed`. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 394ce70c..55432ba8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -89,11 +89,12 @@ This additional expression is used to create the generated values. For example: The expression to the right of the bar (``|``), is used to generate the value at the given index. -Let ``T`` be the type of the expression to the right of the bar (``|``). Then, -if the domain of the generator is an array of size ``N``, the result will be a -array of size ``N`` with element type ``T``. Otherwise, if the domain of the -generator is a matrix of size ``N`` x ``M``, the result will be a matrix of size -``N`` x ``M`` with element type ``T``. +Let ``T`` be the type of the expression to the right of the bar (``|``). The +rank of the result is fixed by the number of iterator variables, not by the +shape of any domain. With one iterator variable ranging over a domain of size +``N``, the result is a 1D array of size ``N`` with element type ``T``. With two +iterator variables ranging over domains of size ``N`` and ``M`` respectively, +the result is a 2D array of size ``N`` x ``M`` with element type ``T``. Generators may be nested, and may be used within domain expressions. For instance, the generator below is perfectly legal: @@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ is perfectly legal: integer i = 7; - /* The domain expression should use the previously defined i \*/ + /* The domain expression should use the previously defined i */ integer[*] v = [i in [i in 1..i | i] | [i in 1..10 | i * i][i]]; /* v should contain the first 7 squares. */ @@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ Domain expressions can only appear within :ref:`iterator loops ` and generators. A domain expression is a way of declaring a variable that is local to the loop or generator, that takes on values from the domain in order. -The domain must evaluate to a type, which means empty literal arrays -yield a ``TypeError``. +The domain's element type must be inferable, so an empty array literal -- +which has no inferable element type -- yields a ``TypeError``. The :term:`scope` of the iterator variable (the left hand side of the declaration) is within the body of the generator or loop. The domain (the right hand side) is evaluated before any of the diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index ab0a5b3e..b5375893 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -12,8 +12,11 @@ Valid global :term:`scope` :term:`statements ` include: * Typealias All global statements are considered :term:`declarations `. -Global statements may occur in any order, given respective symbols are -defined before being referenced. +Global statements need not be written in dependency order, subject to one +rule: any symbol a global statement references must already be defined +earlier in the file. Function and procedure prototypes lift this rule for +calls, since a prototype lets a later definition be referenced before it +textually appears. Variable Declarations --------------------- @@ -35,10 +38,13 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables * Functions, procedures, and I/O operations may not appear in a global's initializer. * A global may not have a ``vector`` type (the dynamically-sized type), - because a vector's size is determined at :term:`run time`. An - inferred-size array such as ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` *is* - permitted: ``[*]`` denotes an inferred size that is fixed by its - ``constexpr`` initializer at compile time. + because a vector's size is determined at :term:`run time`. Because + :ref:`string ` is an alias for ``vector``, a + global may not have a ``string`` type either (so + ``const string s = "hi";`` at global scope is a ``GlobalError``). An inferred-size array such as + ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` *is* permitted: ``[*]`` denotes an + inferred size that is fixed by its ``constexpr`` initializer at compile + time. * All globals are implicitly ``constexpr``. Violations of any of the above must be reported as a ``GlobalError`` diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index c99fc6e6..e69d3993 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -283,6 +283,18 @@ Terms *Gazprea* prose uses them to say what the language does *not* allow, not to reserve latitude for implementers. + implicit cast + A conversion the compiler performs automatically, with no syntax + in the program text. In *Gazprea*, "cast" is the umbrella term + for both implicit casts and the *explicit casts* written + ``as(value)``; an implicit cast is simply the automatic + counterpart (e.g. ``integer`` -> ``real`` when arithmetic mixes + them). The mechanism is specified in + :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. Most implicit casts can also be written + explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast, but a few cannot -- notably the + ``string`` / ``character[*]`` conversion, which has no ``as<>`` + form. + implicit conversion An automatic conversion inserted by the language, without a cast, to make an operand's type match a required target type. ISO C @@ -290,13 +302,8 @@ Terms *Gazprea* uses this general term only in the glossary. In the *Gazprea* specification proper the analogous mechanism is called - :ref:`type promotion `, and it is - deliberately distinct from :term:`type casting`: type promotion - is the *implicit* mechanism (e.g. ``integer`` -> ``real`` when - arithmetic mixes them), while type casting is the *explicit* - mechanism invoked via ``as(value)``. The two are not - interchangeable in *Gazprea*: some casts have no corresponding - implicit promotion. + an :term:`implicit cast`, described in + :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. initializer The syntactic element that supplies an initial value to a newly @@ -521,21 +528,6 @@ Terms academic reference [#milner-1978]_. *Gazprea*'s type inference is described in :ref:`sec:typeInference`. - type promotion - In general PL usage, an :term:`implicit conversion` in which an - operand of one type is converted to a "wider" or "richer" type - before an operation; ISO C specifies *integer promotions* - (§6.3.1.1) and the *usual arithmetic conversions* (§6.3.1.8) - [#iso-c11]_. - - In *Gazprea*, *type promotion* is the specific implicit-conversion - mechanism defined in :ref:`sec:typePromotion` (integer to real, - scalar to array, tuple to tuple, string to character-vector and - back). It is deliberately separate from :term:`type casting`, - which is the explicit mechanism invoked via ``as(value)``. - Every promotion is available as an explicit cast, but not every - cast is available as an implicit promotion. - type qualifier In ISO C the term refers to the *cv*-qualifiers ``const``, ``restrict``, ``volatile``, and ``_Atomic``, defined in §6.7.3 diff --git a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst index 4c834719..0cf7a536 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst @@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ not be used by a programmer. - break -- by - - call - character diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index c5ee36e2..4e4f1c8e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the s // Does not conflict with the other statements struct x (integer a, integer b); - // These three statements all confict with each other + // These three statements all conflict with each other // Any two of them in the same program produces a SymbolError integer x = 3; function x() returns integer; @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the s b b = b(b: a, a: 2, main: 3); if (true) { // New scope - a a = b.b // New `a` shadows the old `a` + a a = b.b; // New `a` shadows the old `a` } return 0; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 4dbfc6f2..bb023b98 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ These procedures can be called as follows: Only procedures may be called with ``call``. Functions must appear in expressions because they can not cause side effects, so using -a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea* -The compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a +a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea*'s +compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. :: - /* must be writen like this */ + /* must be written like this */ procedure main() returns integer { var integer x = 1; x = x + x; diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 59a76385..9b99bebf 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ to the type of the variable. For instance: /* Since 'int_var' is an integer it can be implicitly cast to a real number */ real_var = int_var; /* Legal */ - /* Real numbers can not be turned into boolean values automatically. \*/ + /* Real numbers can not be turned into boolean values automatically. */ bool_var = real_var; /* Illegal */ Assignments can also be more complicated than this with arrays and tuples. @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ This applies to arrays of any dimension. /* Change the entire matrix M to [[1, 2], [3, 4]] */ M = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]; - /* Change a single position of M \*/ + /* Change a single position of M */ M[1][2] = 7; /* M is now [[1, 7], [3, 4]] */ Assigning a whole array value changes an array's *contents*, never its @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ and no ``SizeError``. becomes [4, 5] with length 2 -- no padding, no SizeError. */ vec = [4, 5]; -Tuples also have a special unpacking syntax in *Gazprea*. A tuple’s +Tuples also have a special unpacking syntax in *Gazprea*. A tuple's field may be assigned to comma separated variables instead of a tuple variable. For instance: @@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ variable. For instance: /* Can swap: z == 2.0, y == 1.0 */ z, y = (y, z); -The types of the variables must match the types of the tuple’s fields, -or the tuple’s fields must be able to be implicitly cast to the -variable’s type. The number of variables in the comma separated list +The types of the variables must match the types of the tuple's fields, +or the tuple's fields must be able to be implicitly cast to the +variable's type. The number of variables in the comma separated list must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case the compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This assignment is performed left-to-right. @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ when it is checked. The loop can be pre-predicated, which means that the control expression is tested before the body statement is executed. This is the same -behaviour as while loops in most languages, and is written using the +behavior as while loops in most languages, and is written using the ``while`` token after the ``loop``, followed by a boolean expression for the predicate. For example: @@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ Continue Similarly to ``break``, ``continue`` may only appear within the body of a loop. When a ``continue`` statement is executed the innermost loop that contains the ``continue`` statements starts its next iteration. -``continue`` stops the execution of the loop’s body statement, the loop +``continue`` stops the execution of the loop's body statement, the loop then continues as though the body statement finished its execution normally. If a ``continue`` statement is not contained within a loop the compiler must emit a ``StatementError``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index 3269bb7d..1ee747cc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ prints the following: No other type may be sent to a stream. For instance, procedures with no return type and tuples cannot be sent to streams. -Also, empty arrays and matrices can be send to streams, but not empty +Also, empty arrays and matrices can be sent to streams, but not empty literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type. Note that there is **no automatic new line or spaces printed.** To print diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index 400733b9..75638dc3 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ new type: +----------+-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ | | | boolean | character | integer | real | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ -| | boolean | id | ‘\\0’ if false, 0x01 otherwise | 1 if true, 0 otherwise | 1.0 if true, 0.0 otherwise | +| | boolean | id | '\\0' if false, 0x01 otherwise | 1 if true, 0 otherwise | 1.0 if true, 0.0 otherwise | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ -| **From** | character | false if ‘\\0’, true otherwise | id | *ASCII* value as integer | *ASCII* value as real | +| **From** | character | false if '\\0', true otherwise | id | *ASCII* value as integer | *ASCII* value as real | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ | **type** | integer | false if 0, true otherwise | unsigned integer value mod 256 | id | real version of integer | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ @@ -64,12 +64,13 @@ Array to Array ---------------- Conversions between array types are also possible. First, the -values of the original are cast to the destination type’s element type +values of the original are cast to the destination type's element type according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos` and then the destination -is padded with destination element type’s zero or truncated to match the -destination type size. Note that the size is not required for array to -array casting; if the size is not included in the cast type, the new -size is assumed to be the old size. For example: +is padded with destination element type's zero or truncated to match the +destination type size. Note that a concrete size is not required for array to +array casting: writing the destination element type with an unspecified +length (``[*]``) keeps the old size, so no padding or truncation occurs. +Padding or truncation happens only when a concrete size is given. For example: :: @@ -149,8 +150,10 @@ the destination type must have an equal number of members, and each member must be pairwise castable. Every member is cast by the rule for its own kind: scalar members follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, array members follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` (including padding and truncation), and -a nested ``tuple``, ``struct``, ``vector``, or array member follows the same -cast rules as a standalone value of that type. For example: +a nested ``tuple``, ``vector``, or array member follows the same +cast rules as a standalone value of that type. A ``struct`` member is the +exception: a ``struct`` cannot be cast (see :ref:`ssec:struct`), so the two +struct types must be identical and the member is copied unchanged. For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index 97ee21cb..f8299934 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -96,9 +96,11 @@ A tuple may be implicitly cast to another tuple type when the two have an equal number of members and each member of the source can be implicitly cast to the corresponding member of the destination. Each member is cast by the rule for its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar table above, -array members follow the array rules, and a nested ``tuple``, ``struct``, +array members follow the array rules, and a nested ``tuple``, ``vector``, or array member follows the same implicit-cast rules as a -standalone value of that type. For example: +standalone value of that type. A ``struct`` member is the exception: a +``struct`` is never implicitly cast (see :ref:`ssec:struct`), so the two +struct types must be identical and the member is copied unchanged. For example: :: @@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ standalone value of that type. For example: If initializing a variable with a tuple via :ref:`sec:typeInference`, the variable is assumed to be the same type. -Therefore, tuple elements also copied accordingly. For example: +Therefore, tuple elements are also copied accordingly. For example: :: @@ -118,12 +120,12 @@ Therefore, tuple elements also copied accordingly. For example: tuple(real, real) bar = (3, 4); var baz = foo; - baz.1 -> std_output; // 1 - baz.2 -> std_output; // 2 + baz.1 -> std_output; // 1.0 + baz.2 -> std_output; // 2.0 baz = bar; - baz.1 -> std_output; // 3 - baz.2 -> std_output; // 4 + baz.1 -> std_output; // 3.0 + baz.2 -> std_output; // 4.0 It is possible for a two-sided implicit cast to occur with tuples. For @@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ A ``string`` value can be implicitly cast to a ``character`` array (``character[*]``) and vice versa (a two-way implicit cast). Because a ``string`` is a language-supplied typealias for ``vector`` (see :ref:`ssec:string`), this is simply the array/vector implicit cast of -:ref:`ssec:implicitCast_avv` specialised to the ``character`` element type; +:ref:`ssec:implicitCast_avv` specialized to the ``character`` element type; the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 8451e8c5..6b86aea8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ Type Qualifiers =============== *Gazprea* has two :term:`type qualifiers `: ``const`` and -``var``. These qualifers can prefix a type to specify its mutability or +``var``. These qualifiers can prefix a type to specify its mutability or entirely replace the type to request that it be inferred. Mutability -refers to a value's ability to be an :term:`rvalue` or :term:`lvalue`. +refers to a value's ability to be an :term:`lvalue`: every value can be an +:term:`rvalue`, but only a mutable one can also be an lvalue. The two qualifiers cannot be combined as they are mutually exclusive. .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_const: @@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ Type Inference Using Qualifiers Type qualifiers may be used in place of a type, in which case the real type must be inferred. A variable declared in this manner must be -**immediately initialised** to enable inference. For example: +**immediately initialized** to enable inference. For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst index 281a1f87..ab1fe8d5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Typealias ========= Custom names for types can be defined using ``typealias``. Type aliases may only -appear at global scope, they may not appear within functions or procedures. A +appear at global scope; they may not appear within functions or procedures. A type alias may use any valid identifier for the name of the type. After the type alias has been defined any global declaration or function defined may use the new name to refer to the old type. For instance: @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ symbol. The following is therefore legal: const main A = 'A'; procedure main() returns i { - i i = 0; // = ; + i i = 0; // = ; return i; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index cd75e0ba..b7b7dd87 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ immediately after the element type. If possible, initialization expressions may go through an implicit type conversion. For instance, when declaring a real array that is -initialized with an integer value the integer will be promoted to a real -value, and then used as a scalar initialization of the array. +initialized with an integer value the integer will be implicitly cast to a +real value, and then used as a scalar initialization of the array. Be careful about type inference! If the type of the array is being inferred -from the right had side, the previous example would create an ``integer`` +from the right hand side, the previous example would create an ``integer`` array instead of a ``real`` array. #. Explicit Size Declarations @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ notation: Each ``expK`` is an expression with a compatible type. In the simplest cases each expression is of the same type, but it is possible to mix the -types as long as all of the types can be promoted to a common type. For +types as long as all of the types can be implicitly cast to a common type. For instance it is possible to mix integers and real numbers. :: @@ -188,14 +188,14 @@ operations but differ in exactly one respect -- when their length is decided: - Yes (``[N]``), or inferred once (``[*]``) - No * - Grows via ``push`` / ``append``? - - No -- ``SizeError`` + - No -- ``TypeError`` (arrays have no methods) - Yes * - Too-short value stored into it - Padded with the element type's :term:`zero value` - - Vector takes the value's length + - The vector takes the value's length * - Too-long value stored into it - ``SizeError`` - - Vector takes the value's length + - The vector takes the value's length The two types interoperate, but only through *values*: a vector used in an array context yields an array value of the vector's current length, and an @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ Operations a. length The number of elements in an array is given by the built-in - functions ``length``. For instance: + function ``length``. For instance: :: @@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ Operations real[6] j = v || u; - would be permitted, and the integer array ``v`` would be promoted to - a real array before the concatenation. + would be permitted, and the integer array ``v`` would be implicitly + cast to a real array before the concatenation. Concatenation may also be used with scalar values. In this case the scalar values are treated as though they were single element @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ Operations At least one operand of ``||`` must be a composite value (an array, :ref:`vector `, or ``string``). Concatenating two scalars - is a ``TypeError``; promote one operand to a one-element array first: + is a ``TypeError``; wrap one operand in a one-element array first: :: @@ -285,8 +285,8 @@ Operations c. Dot Product - Two arrays with the same size and a numeric element type(types with - the ``+``, and ``\*`` operator) may be used in a dot product operation. + Two arrays with the same size and a numeric element type (types with + the ``+`` and ``*`` operators) may be used in a dot product operation. For instance: :: @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ Operations integer[3] u = [4, 5, 6]; /* v[1] * u[1] + v[2] * u[2] + v[3] * u[3] */ - /* 1 * 4 + 2 * 5 + 3 * 6 &=& 32 */ + /* 1 * 4 + 2 * 5 + 3 * 6 = 32 */ integer dot = v ** u; /* Perform a dot product */ @@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ Operations Therefore, it is *valid* to have bounds that will produce an empty array because the difference between them is negative. - d. Indexing + e. Indexing An array may be indexed in order to retrieve the values stored in the array. An array may be indexed using an integer, in which case @@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ Operations Out of bounds indexing must emit an ``IndexError``. - e. Slices + f. Slices A slice is a contiguous subset of array elements. Slice bounds and shorthand forms are specified in :ref:`sssec:array_slices`. @@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ Operations When one of the operands of a binary operation is an array and the other operand is a scalar, the scalar value must first - be promoted to an array of the same size as the array operand and + be implicitly cast to an array of the same size as the array operand and with the value of each element equal to the scalar value. For example: :: @@ -411,9 +411,9 @@ Operations [1, 2, 3, 4] + 2 // results in [3, 4, 5, 6] - Additionally the element types of arrays may be promoted, for instance - in this case the integer array must be promoted to a real array in - order to perform the operation: + Additionally the element types of arrays may be implicitly cast, for + instance in this case the integer array must be implicitly cast to a real + array in order to perform the operation: :: @@ -492,9 +492,10 @@ the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. integer z2 = a[1..7][1..7][1..7][4]; /* z2 == 6 */ -Array slices are always l-values, although they can be used as r-values. -When they are used in a parameter call or on the left side of an assignment, -i.e. as an l-value they allow modification of the source array: +Array slices are always :term:`lvalues `, although they can be used +as :term:`rvalues `. When they are used in a parameter call or on the +left side of an assignment, i.e. as an :term:`lvalue` they allow modification +of the source array: :: @@ -530,9 +531,9 @@ examples, the assignments perform a deep copy as usual and in the procedure example, the parameters are passed by reference as usual. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that an array may be cast and/or promoted to, see +To see the types that an array may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index 957fecac..f50a2702 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that ``boolean`` may be cast and/or promoted to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +To see the types that ``boolean`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst index 98a6ec3e..e3965d24 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Carriage Return ``\r`` ``0x0D`` Quotation Mark ``\"`` ``0x22`` Apostrophe ``\'`` ``0x27`` Backslash ``\\`` ``0x5C`` -UTF-8 ``\xH[H]`` e.g. ``x61 ('a')`` +Hex escape ``\xH[H]`` ``0x00`` to ``0xFF`` =============== =================== =============== .. _sssec:character_ops: @@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ The following operations are defined between ``character`` values. concatenated onto variables with type ``string`` or arrays with type ``character``. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that ``character`` may be cast and/or promoted to, see +To see the types that ``character`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index d15ab730..242c46f4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ Construction A 2D matrix can be viewed as an array of arrays. The elements in each array form a single row of the matrix. All rows with fewer elements than the row of maximum row length are padded with -zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with a row -length larger than the number of rows provided, the bottom rows of the -matrix are zero. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the +zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with more rows +than are provided, the bottom rows of the matrix are zero. If the number +of rows or columns exceeds the amounts given in a declaration the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). @@ -101,9 +101,10 @@ of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError``. -Arrays of any dimension support the built in functions ``rows`` and ``columns``, -which when passed a 2D array yields the number of rows and columns in the -matrix respectively. For instance: +Matrices support the built in functions ``rows`` and ``columns``, +which yield the number of rows and columns in the matrix respectively. +Their generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a future revision +(see the introduction to this section). For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index 7d3f0aa0..9ee3dbe1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ Operations on real numbers should adhere to the IEEE 754 spec with regards to the representation of not-a-number(NaNs), infinity(infs), and zeros. -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that ``real`` may be cast and/or promoted to, see +To see the types that ``real`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index 2444d14d..c0fd96e7 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ double quotes. For instance: :: - string cats_meow = "The cat said \"Meow!\"\nThat was a good day.\n" + string cats_meow = "The cat said \"Meow!\"\nThat was a good day.\n"; Although strings and character arrays look similar, they are still treated differently by the compiler: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 405b5f2a..b20a1663 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -59,7 +59,15 @@ A mutable struct instance such as ``var struct s1 (...) t1;`` (or the split Type Aliasing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A struct can be typealiased and used in any context a regular struct declaration may occur. Notably, the alias can only be used in a type positions, not literal constructors. +A struct type can be given a :ref:`type alias `. As with any +type alias, the ``typealias`` declaration itself may only appear at global +scope (see :ref:`sec:typealias`); it may not appear inside a function or +procedure body, even though a plain struct *definition* may. The combined form +below both defines the struct type ``S`` and introduces ``Pair`` as an alias +for it: the struct's own name ``S`` remains usable, for example as a literal +constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used anywhere the struct's type +name may be used. Notably, the alias can only be used in type positions, not as +a literal constructor. :: @@ -87,8 +95,9 @@ Struct fields are accessed with dot notation, ``instance.field``, where t1.iv[2] t1.r -Struct fields can be used as both LVALs and RVALs, i.e. on either the left -or right hand side of an expression: +Struct fields can be used as both :term:`lvalues ` and +:term:`rvalues `, i.e. on either the left or right hand side of an +expression: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index c7afb6f6..76a60571 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Tuples ------ -A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only streams may not be stored in a tuple. +A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams ` may not be stored in a tuple. .. _sssec:tuple_decl: @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The number of fields in a ``tuple`` must be known at :term:`compile time`. This includes instances of :ref:`type inference`, where a variable is declared without an explicit type signature using ``var`` or ``const``. -In this case, the variable must be initialised immediately with a +In this case, the variable must be initialized immediately with a :term:`literal` whose type is known at compile time. .. _sssec:tuple_acc: @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Unpacking ~~~~~~~~~ Any tuple expression may be assigned (unpacked) into multiple lvalues. If the size of -the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being asigned, an ``AssignError`` +the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being assigned, an ``AssignError`` is raised. There is no partial unpacking of tuples. :: @@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ is raised. There is no partial unpacking of tuples. a, b = (3.14, 1.5); -Type Casting and Type Promotion -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Type Casting and Implicit Casts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that tuple may be cast and/or promoted to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` +To see the types that tuple may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion`, respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index f1ca3cb7..f7a0fb51 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any -:ref:`storable type `: a base type (``boolean``, +:ref:`storable type `: a +:term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), an array or matrix of any rank, a ``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — nested to any depth. Only a :ref:`stream ` may not be stored. Below From eaf3f05f8369afab26f07342391efb5110b094be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 20:20:25 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 48/84] spec(gazprea): resolve design questions and pass-2 findings Applies the language-owner rulings on the questions the review surfaced, plus the pass-2 review findings. - Runtime array sizing is legal. Sharpen `initialization` (the run-time instant immediately before a declaration's first execution; a size is evaluated exactly once and the array can never be resized), drop the Ada "elaboration" quote, and reconcile constexpr.rst and array.rst so a runtime array size is a legal non-constexpr array -- a vector is only for a length that must change. - string / character[*] has both implicit and explicit as<> forms (a string is a vector), so drop the "no as<> form" caveat in type_promotion.rst and the glossary. - Built-in names (length, rows, columns, reverse, format, stream_state) are semantically reserved, not syntactic keywords: remove them from the keyword list; shadowing any of them, by any identifier, is a SymbolError. - Fixes: scalar-broadcast element-type wording; the misleading method-call "no-op"; loops and domains accept vector and string; an array-valued index is a TypeError; matrix/array pad with the element type's zero value; missing semicolons. Context (already stated in the spec): everything is 32-bit (i32/f32), so integer ^ (reals-then-truncate) is well-defined; boolean -> character is explicit-only, and as(false) is the null character, distinct from the space zero value. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 11 +++++----- gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst | 25 +++++++++++++--------- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 5 +++-- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 33 +++++++++++++++-------------- gazprea/spec/keywords.rst | 17 +++++---------- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 6 ++++-- gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst | 17 +++++++++------ gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 9 ++++---- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 5 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 12 +++++------ 10 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index f9b4f41e..5c9fae69 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ some special behaviour that normal functions can not have, for instance many of them will work on arrays of any element type. Normally a function must specify the element type of an array argument. -The name of built in functions are reserved and a user program cannot -define a function or a procedure with the same name as a built-in function. -If a :term:`declaration` or a :term:`definition` with the same name as a -built-in function is encountered in a *Gazprea* program, then the compiler -must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +The names of the built-in functions are reserved. A user program may not +declare *any* identifier -- a variable, function, procedure, ``struct``, or +otherwise -- with the same name as a built-in function; doing so would shadow +the built-in, and the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). These names are reserved semantically rather than being +syntactic :ref:`keywords `. Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins also work on :ref:`vectors ` and :ref:`strings `, since diff --git a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst index 17729bbe..c816fe4a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst @@ -86,12 +86,15 @@ allowing them to be used to define other constants. 1. Its size is a valid ``constexpr``. 2. All of its element initializers are valid ``constexpr``\ s. - A ``vector`` (the dynamically-sized type) can never be a ``constexpr`` - aggregate, since its size is determined at run time. An inferred-size - array - such as ``integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` must be a ``constexpr``, meaning its - initializer is itself a ``constexpr``: ``[*]`` denotes an inferred size, not - a dynamic one. + A ``vector`` (the resizable type) can never be a ``constexpr`` + aggregate, since its length can change at run time. An array *is* a + ``constexpr`` aggregate when its size and every element initializer are + themselves ``constexpr``\ s. An inferred-size array such as + ``integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` is a ``constexpr`` when its initializer is; + ``[*]`` denotes a size inferred once, at :term:`initialization`, not a + resizable one. An array whose size or initializer is only known at run + time is still a perfectly legal array -- it is simply not a + ``constexpr``. :: @@ -126,10 +129,12 @@ allowing them to be used to define other constants. x <- std_input; const integer y = x; // Legal: y is immutable, but NOT a constexpr // because its value depends on runtime input. - integer[y] arr; // Illegal: an explicit array size must be a - // constexpr, and y is not a constexpr. - vector v; // Legal: a vector is the dynamically-sized type; - // use it when the size is only known at runtime. + integer[y] arr; // Legal: the runtime size y is evaluated once, + // at initialization, and fixes arr's length for + // good; arr is an ordinary (non-constexpr) array + // and can never be resized. + vector v; // Legal: use a vector when the collection must + // grow or shrink after it is created. The compiler propagates the constexpr property through local scopes normally; there is no restriction on where in a block the declaration diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 55432ba8..52ad9e4e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ three or more iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays with three or more dimensions). The :term:`domain` in a domain expression is any array-typed value: -static arrays, dynamically-sized :ref:`vectors `, and -:ref:`ranges ` all count. The generator +static arrays, dynamically-sized :ref:`vectors `, +:ref:`strings `, and :ref:`ranges ` +all count. The generator dimension is determined solely by how many iterator variables the generator introduces (one or two), not by the shape of the domain value. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index e69d3993..be3bac53 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -46,15 +46,17 @@ Terms :sorted: initialization - The :term:`run time` moment at which a variable declaration first - takes effect: the first time, in program order, that execution - reaches the point immediately before the declaration. A variable's - array and matrix lengths are settled at initialization and are then - fixed for the remainder of that variable's lifetime. Initialization - is distinct from :term:`compile time` -- a length need not be a - compile-time constant, only settled by the time the variable is - first used -- and from any later assignment, which never resizes a - variable. + The :term:`run time` instant immediately before the first execution + of a variable's declaration. A variable's array and matrix + dimensions are settled *exactly once*, at initialization, and are + then fixed for the remainder of that variable's lifetime: an array + is sized once and can never be resized. A size may be any integer + expression -- it need not be a :term:`compile time` constant -- but + it is evaluated a single time, at this instant, and later changes to + that expression's inputs do not affect the array. (Ada draws the + same once-only distinction with a separate *elaboration* step; + *Gazprea* keeps a single definition of a variable's size and calls + the instant it happens *initialization*.) zero value The value a variable of a given type holds when it is declared @@ -90,10 +92,10 @@ Terms compile time The interval during which the source program is being translated - by the :term:`compiler`, before program execution begins. Ada - states the contrast explicitly: "At compile time, the declaration - of an entity declares the entity. At run time, the elaboration of - the declaration creates the entity" [#ada-rm]_. The C + by the :term:`compiler`, before program execution begins. The + contrast with :term:`run time` matters for sizing in *Gazprea*: an + array's size need not be fixed at compile time, only at + :term:`initialization`, which is a run-time instant. The C standard specifies the phases of translation in ISO/IEC 9899 §5.1.1.2 [#iso-c11]_. @@ -291,9 +293,8 @@ Terms counterpart (e.g. ``integer`` -> ``real`` when arithmetic mixes them). The mechanism is specified in :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. Most implicit casts can also be written - explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast, but a few cannot -- notably the - ``string`` / ``character[*]`` conversion, which has no ``as<>`` - form. + explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast; a scalar-to-array explicit cast must + then state the destination size (see :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`). implicit conversion An automatic conversion inserted by the language, without a cast, diff --git a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst index 0cf7a536..36f2e000 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst @@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ Keywords *Gazprea* has a number of built in keywords that are reserved and should not be used by a programmer. +The names of the built-in functions (``length``, ``rows``, ``columns``, +``reverse``, ``format``, ``stream_state``) are *not* keywords; they are +reserved semantically, and shadowing one with a user identifier is a +``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:builtIn`), not a syntax error. + - and - as @@ -18,8 +23,6 @@ not be used by a programmer. - character -- columns - - const - continue @@ -28,8 +31,6 @@ not be used by a programmer. - false -- format - - function - if @@ -38,8 +39,6 @@ not be used by a programmer. - integer -- length - - loop - not @@ -54,16 +53,10 @@ not be used by a programmer. - returns -- reverse - -- rows - - std_input - std_output -- stream_state - - string - struct diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 9b99bebf..d00cc91b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ With arrays indices may be provided in order to change the value of an array element. In *Gazprea*, an array cannot be indexed with an array *value*: ``v[w]`` is illegal whenever ``w`` evaluates to an array value, even one holding a range (this covers array variables, expressions, and function -calls that return an array alike). Range syntax written directly inside +calls that return an array alike); the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). Range syntax written directly inside an index position is not an array-valued index; it forms a slice (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). For instance, with single dimensional arrays: @@ -368,7 +369,8 @@ semicolon. Iterator Loop ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Loops can be used to iterate over the elements of an array of any type. +Loops can be used to iterate over the elements of an array of any type, or +over a :ref:`vector ` or :ref:`string `. This is done by using :term:`domain expressions ` (for instance ``i in v``) in conjunction with a loop statement. In a domain expression ``x in E``, ``x`` is the :term:`iterator variable` diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst index f8299934..b366511e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst @@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ the *explicit casts* written ``as(value)`` in :ref:`sec:typeCasting`; "cast" is the umbrella term for both. Most conversions that can be performed implicitly can also be written -explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast. There are two caveats. First, a -scalar-to-array *explicit cast* must state the destination size explicitly +explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast. The one caveat is that a scalar-to-array +*explicit cast* must state the destination size explicitly (:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`), whereas the corresponding *implicit cast* -takes its size from the array operand. Second, the ``string`` / -``character[*]`` conversion is an implicit, two-way cast with no ``as<>`` -form (see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`). +takes its size from the array operand. (The ``string`` / ``character[*]`` +conversion, being the array/vector cast specialized to ``character``, has +both an implicit and an explicit ``as<>`` form like any other array/vector +cast; see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`.) A scalar may be implicitly cast to an array or matrix of any rank (see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_stoa`). An array is never implicitly cast to a @@ -57,8 +58,10 @@ All scalar types can be implicitly cast to arrays whose element type the scalar can be :ref:`implicitly cast to `. This can occur when an array is used in an operation with a scalar value. -The scalar is implicitly cast to an array of equivalent dimensions and -element type. For example: +The scalar is implicitly cast to an array of the same dimensions as the +array operand; the result's element type is whichever type the operation +requires, and the scalar is first implicitly cast to that element type. For +example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index b7b7dd87..fd8445ca 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ array instead of a ``real`` array. An array may also be initialized with another array. Initialization occurs element-wise, with the RHS element type's initialization semantics applying from left to right. If the LHS array is initialized using a RHS array that is too small then the LHS array will - be padded with zeros. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS + be padded with the element type's :term:`zero value`. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS array that is too large then the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. @@ -117,9 +117,10 @@ array instead of a ``real`` array. In this example the compiler can infer both the size and the type of - ``w`` from ``v``. As with any array, this inferred size is known at - :term:`compile time`; a collection whose size is only known at - :term:`run time` must be a :ref:`vector `. + ``w`` from ``v``. As with any array, this inferred size is fixed once, + at :term:`initialization`, and never changes afterwards; a collection + whose length must *change* after it is created requires a + :ref:`vector `. .. _sssec:array_constr: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 242c46f4..d7be9698 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ Construction A 2D matrix can be viewed as an array of arrays. The elements in each array form a single row of the matrix. All rows with fewer elements than the row of maximum row length are padded with -zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with more rows -than are provided, the bottom rows of the matrix are zero. If the number +the element type's :term:`zero value` on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is +declared with more rows than are provided, the bottom rows hold the element +type's zero value. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the amounts given in a declaration the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index f7a0fb51..9bbf3d22 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` - A method call whose result is used is an expression. A method call may also stand alone as a statement, terminated by a semicolon; this is the only expression form that may be used as a statement. An explicit - ``call`` statement may also be applied to a method call, but because the - builtin methods act through the receiver, ``call m(...)`` is effectively - a no-op form -- it behaves like calling a procedure and discarding its - result. + ``call`` statement may also be applied to a method call; the method still + runs and still acts on its receiver exactly as in the bare statement form. + The ``call`` keyword adds nothing here -- any result is discarded either + way -- so it is never required for a method call. - Mutating methods (``push``, ``append``) additionally require the receiver to be declared ``var``. Inside a :ref:`function `, @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ The methods are: v1.push(2); // v1 == [1, 2] v1.len() -> std_output; // 2 - v1.append([3, 4, 5]) // v1 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + v1.append([3, 4, 5]); // v1 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] v1.len() -> std_output; // 5 var vector v2; // v2 == [] @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ The methods are: // slices v2.append(x[5..7]); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0], [5.0, 6.0]] - v2.len() -> std_output // 3 + v2.len() -> std_output; // 3 v2.len(); // Legal statement; result discarded From 99fd943448db748b68e80b93cf1a9dd515fce4bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 20:30:20 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 49/84] spec(gazprea): final convergence-review fixes Last advisory/nit findings from the convergence pass (the cross-cutting review came back clean): scope the built-ins-on-vectors claim to array-shaped built-ins (length/reverse); rename the mislabeled ssec:procedure_alias -> ssec:procedure_implicit_casts; behaviour -> behavior. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 14 ++++++++------ gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 2 +- 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 5c9fae69..f2710e82 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Built-In Functions ================== *Gazprea* has some built-in functions. These built in functions may have -some special behaviour that normal functions can not have, for instance +some special behavior that normal functions can not have, for instance many of them will work on arrays of any element type. Normally a function must specify the element type of an array argument. @@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ the built-in, and the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). These names are reserved semantically rather than being syntactic :ref:`keywords `. -Note that although the examples below all use arrays, all the built-ins also -work on :ref:`vectors ` and :ref:`strings `, since -these are always compatible with arrays. When a built-in operates on a -vector or string, it uses whatever length that value currently holds. +Note that although the examples below all use arrays, the array-shaped +built-ins (``length``, ``reverse``) also work on +:ref:`vectors ` and :ref:`strings `, using +whatever length that value currently holds. The shape-specific built-ins +keep the domains their own sections describe: ``rows`` and ``columns`` +require a two-dimensional matrix, and ``format`` takes a scalar. .. _ssec:builtIn_length: @@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ the only valid argument is ``std_input``. The form is general enough that it could be reused if the language were expanded to include multiple input streams. -The returned state codes, the initial state, and the per-type behaviour of +The returned state codes, the initial state, and the per-type behavior of reads are specified in :ref:`sssec:stream_error`. In brief: ``0`` means the last read succeeded, ``1`` that it encountered an error, and ``2`` that it encountered the end of the stream. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index bb023b98..c1b06e34 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. return 0; } -.. _ssec:procedure_alias: +.. _ssec:procedure_implicit_casts: Implicit Casts of Arguments --------------------------- diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index 1ee747cc..c359b86a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ treated as follows when sent to an output stream: - :ref:`ssec:integer`: Converted to a string representation, and then printed. - :ref:`ssec:real`: Converted to a string representation, and then printed. - This is the same behaviour as the `%g specifier in + This is the same behavior as the `%g specifier in printf `__. - :ref:`ssec:boolean`: Prints T for true, and F for false. From cba814f9c4621d0e5e5ff927d0d192c462dd601a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:26:04 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 50/84] spec(gazprea): rename promotion/typedef chapters and fix casts Rename type_promotion.rst -> implicit_casts.rst (sec:implicitCasts) and typedef.rst -> typealias.rst (sec:typealias), updating the toctree and impl/part_1 cross-references so 'cast' is the umbrella term over implicit/explicit casts. implicit_casts: add an Array-to-Array section, broaden array<->vector casts to composite element types, scope scalar broadcast to 'array of any rank (matrix = rank-2)', and rename the table placeholder var->value. typealias: a local typealias is a StatementError, and aliasable types use the canonical aggregate-type wording. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/impl/part_1.rst | 2 +- gazprea/index.rst | 4 +- ...{type_promotion.rst => implicit_casts.rst} | 104 ++++++++++++------ gazprea/spec/{typedef.rst => typealias.rst} | 39 ++++--- 4 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) rename gazprea/spec/{type_promotion.rst => implicit_casts.rst} (60%) rename gazprea/spec/{typedef.rst => typealias.rst} (52%) diff --git a/gazprea/impl/part_1.rst b/gazprea/impl/part_1.rst index db2509ec..2fc04861 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/part_1.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/part_1.rst @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ recommended strategy. * :ref:`ssec:typeQualifiers_var` * :ref:`ssec:typeQualifiers_const` - * :ref:`sec:typePromotion` + * :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` * :ref:`sec:typeCasting` * :ref:`sec:typeInference` * :ref:`sec:typealias` diff --git a/gazprea/index.rst b/gazprea/index.rst index 904a226c..3860200a 100644 --- a/gazprea/index.rst +++ b/gazprea/index.rst @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ Hardware Acceleration Laboratory in Markham, ON. spec/types spec/type_inference spec/type_casting - spec/type_promotion - spec/typedef + spec/implicit_casts + spec/typealias spec/streams spec/expressions spec/statements diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst similarity index 60% rename from gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst rename to gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst index b366511e..f76df331 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_promotion.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -.. _sec:typePromotion: +.. _sec:implicitCasts: Implicit Casts ============== @@ -15,24 +15,30 @@ explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast. The one caveat is that a scalar-to-array takes its size from the array operand. (The ``string`` / ``character[*]`` conversion, being the array/vector cast specialized to ``character``, has both an implicit and an explicit ``as<>`` form like any other array/vector -cast; see :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_string`.) +cast; see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_string`.) -A scalar may be implicitly cast to an array or matrix of any rank (see -:ref:`ssec:typePromotion_stoa`). An array is never implicitly cast to a -different rank; only a scalar expands to fill an array or matrix. +A :term:`scalar ` may be implicitly cast to an array of any +rank, including the rank-2 matrix case (see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_stoa`). +An array is never implicitly cast to a different rank; only a scalar expands +to fill an array or matrix. -.. _ssec:typePromotion_scalar: +Attempting any conversion this chapter does not describe as a valid implicit +cast -- in a declaration, an assignment, or between corresponding tuple +members -- is a compile-time error; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_scalar: Scalars ------- The only automatic implicit cast between scalars is ``integer`` to -``real``. This cast is one way - a ``real`` is never implicitly cast to +``real``. This cast is one way -- a ``real`` is never implicitly cast to ``integer``. Automatic conversion follows this table where N/A means no implicit cast is -possible, id means no conversion necessary, ``as(var)`` means var of -type "From type" is converted to type "toType" using semantics from +possible, id means no conversion necessary, and ``as(value)`` means the +value of type "From type" is converted to type "toType" using semantics from :ref:`sec:typeCasting`. +----------+-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ @@ -44,24 +50,24 @@ type "From type" is converted to type "toType" using semantics from + +-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ | **type** | character | N/A | id | N/A | N/A | + +-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ -| | integer | N/A | N/A | id | as(var) | +| | integer | N/A | N/A | id |as(value)| + +-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ | | real | N/A | N/A | N/A | id | +----------+-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ -.. _ssec:typePromotion_stoa: +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_stoa: Scalar to Array -------------------------- All scalar types can be implicitly cast to arrays whose element type the -scalar can be :ref:`implicitly cast to `. +scalar can be :ref:`implicitly cast to `. This can occur when an array is used in an operation with a scalar value. -The scalar is implicitly cast to an array of the same dimensions as the -array operand; the result's element type is whichever type the operation -requires, and the scalar is first implicitly cast to that element type. For -example: +The scalar is implicitly cast to an array matching the array operand's size +(the operand-size rule of :ref:`sssec:array_ops`); the result's element +type is whichever type the operation requires, and the scalar is first +implicitly cast to that element type. For example: :: @@ -81,9 +87,14 @@ Other examples: :: - 1 == [1, 1] // True + 1 == [1, 1] // true 1..2 || 3 // [1, 2, 3] +Concatenation (``||``) is an exception to the size-matching rule above: a +scalar operand becomes a single new element regardless of the other +operand's length, rather than being expanded to match it (see +:ref:`sssec:string_ops`). + Note that an array can never be cast down to a scalar, even explicitly. Also note that matrix multiply imposes strict requirements on the dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is that, *as an operand of @@ -92,18 +103,22 @@ matrix when the other operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`). In element-wise operations and initializations a scalar is implicitly cast to a matrix of any dimensions. +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_ttot: + Tuple to Tuple -------------- -A tuple may be implicitly cast to another tuple type when the two have an -equal number of members and each member of the source can be implicitly -cast to the corresponding member of the destination. Each member is cast by -the rule for its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar table above, -array members follow the array rules, and a nested ``tuple``, -``vector``, or array member follows the same implicit-cast rules as a -standalone value of that type. A ``struct`` member is the exception: a -``struct`` is never implicitly cast (see :ref:`ssec:struct`), so the two -struct types must be identical and the member is copied unchanged. For example: +A tuple may be implicitly cast to another tuple type when the two have an equal +number of members and each member of the source can be implicitly cast to the +corresponding member of the destination. Each member is cast by the rule for +its own kind: scalar members follow the scalar table above, array members +follow the :ref:`array sizing rules ` -- a shorter value is +padded with the element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raises a +``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) -- and a nested ``tuple``, ``vector``, or +array member follows the same implicit-cast rules as a standalone value of that +type. A ``struct`` member is the exception: a ``struct`` is never implicitly +cast (see :ref:`ssec:struct`), so the two struct types must be identical and +the member is copied unchanged. For example: :: @@ -138,15 +153,18 @@ example: boolean b = (1.0, 2) == (2, 3.0); -.. _ssec:implicitCast_avv: +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_avv: Array to/from Vector -------------------- An array value and a :ref:`vector ` are implicitly cast to one another in both directions. Like every implicit cast this converts a -*value*; it never changes how either side is sized. Element types convert -per the scalar implicit-cast table in :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_scalar`. +*value*; it never changes how either side is sized. Each element converts by +the implicit-cast rule for its own type: the scalar table of +:ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_scalar` for a scalar element, or the corresponding +rule elsewhere in this chapter, applied recursively, for a composite element +type. - **Vector to array.** The vector's *current* length produces the array value. Storing that value into an array obeys the array's own @@ -154,7 +172,7 @@ per the scalar implicit-cast table in :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_scalar`. the element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raises a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). If the destination is an inferred ``[*]`` array and this is its :term:`initialization`, the vector's current - length becomes that array's permanent length. + length becomes that array's fixed length. - **Array to vector.** The array's fixed length produces the vector value. The receiving vector takes that length and may still grow afterwards via @@ -169,9 +187,29 @@ per the scalar implicit-cast table in :ref:`ssec:typePromotion_scalar`. integer[2] d = [7, 8]; var vector w = d; // [7, 8]; w may still grow - w.push(9); // [7, 8, 9] + call w.push(9); // [7, 8, 9] + +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_atoa: + +Array to Array +-------------- + +An array value may be implicitly cast to another array type of the **same +rank** when every element can be implicitly cast to the destination's element +type. Each element converts by the implicit-cast rule for its own type (the +scalar table of :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_scalar` for scalar elements, applied +recursively for composite elements). The result obeys the destination array's +:ref:`fixed length `: a shorter value is padded with the +element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raises a ``SizeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). An array is never implicitly cast to a different +rank. + +:: + + integer[3] v = [1, 2, 3]; + real[3] u = v; // [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] -.. _ssec:typePromotion_string: +.. _ssec:implicitCasts_string: Character Array to/from String ------------------------------- @@ -180,7 +218,7 @@ A ``string`` value can be implicitly cast to a ``character`` array (``character[*]``) and vice versa (a two-way implicit cast). Because a ``string`` is a language-supplied typealias for ``vector`` (see :ref:`ssec:string`), this is simply the array/vector implicit cast of -:ref:`ssec:implicitCast_avv` specialized to the ``character`` element type; +:ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_avv` specialized to the ``character`` element type; the conversion of note is between ``string`` and character *arrays*. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst similarity index 52% rename from gazprea/spec/typedef.rst rename to gazprea/spec/typealias.rst index ab1fe8d5..c73817db 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typedef.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst @@ -3,11 +3,16 @@ Typealias ========= -Custom names for types can be defined using ``typealias``. Type aliases may only -appear at global scope; they may not appear within functions or procedures. A -type alias may use any valid identifier for the name of the type. After the type -alias has been defined any global declaration or function defined may use the -new name to refer to the old type. For instance: +Custom names for types can be defined using ``typealias``. A type alias does +not introduce a new type: the alias name and the original type are the same +type by strong equivalence, and the two names may be used interchangeably +anywhere a type is expected. Type aliases may only appear at global scope; +a ``typealias`` declared within a function or procedure body must emit a +``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type alias may use any +valid identifier for the name of the type. After the type alias has been +defined, the new name may be used anywhere the original type could be used -- +in global or local declarations, and in function or procedure signatures and +bodies. For instance: :: @@ -30,9 +35,10 @@ symbol. The following is therefore legal: return i; } -In addition to :term:`primitive types `, ``typealias`` can be used -with compound types (arrays, vectors, and strings) and -:term:`aggregate types ` (structs and tuples). +In addition to :term:`primitive types `, ``typealias`` can be +used with any :term:`aggregate type ` (arrays, matrices, +vectors, tuples, and structs), as well as with ``string``, itself a typealias +for ``vector``. Using ``typealias`` on tuples, or on arrays with sizes helps reusability and consistency: @@ -44,18 +50,20 @@ consistency: typealias integer[2][3] two_by_three_matrix; two_by_three_matrix m = [i in 1..2, j in 1..3 | i + j]; -Type aliases of arrays with inferred sizes are allowed, but declarations -of variables using the type alias must be initialized appropriately. +Type aliases of arrays with inferred sizes (``[*]``) are allowed, but +declarations of variables using the type alias must be initialized +appropriately (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). -Because a ``typealias`` is an aliased name for a type, you can use -``typealias`` on type alias'ed types: +Because a ``typealias`` is an aliased name for a type, a ``typealias`` may +also be defined in terms of another ``typealias``: :: typealias integer int; typealias int also_int; -Duplicate alias names must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for +duplicate alias names. :: @@ -75,8 +83,9 @@ folding of scalar literals but also constant propagation through other vec_of_two v = 1..3; } -The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` on line 3 since the ``vec_of_two`` -type has a size of 2 and an array of size 3 is being assigned. +The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) on line 3 +since the ``vec_of_two`` type has a size of 2 and an array of size 3 is +being assigned. Because the size may be any ``constexpr``, it can reference other constant expressions rather than being limited to literals: From 05a2f74b16e46264ccee84d5ea7838da167d79cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:26:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 51/84] spec(gazprea): half-open slice views and ** by rank Array slices are half-open (lower-inclusive, upper-exclusive) and are always a VIEW into the backing array, never a copy (a splat copy operator is future work); out-of-range slice bounds raise an IndexError. '**' is the dot product for rank-1 operands and matrix multiplication for rank-2, casting mixed element types to a common type. Add missing SizeError/IndexError citations and normalize 'array of any rank (matrix = rank-2)'. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 141 +++++++++++++++++++++------------- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 39 +++++----- 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index fd8445ca..e5197d81 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Arrays are fixed size collections, where each element of the array has the same type. An array element may be of any :ref:`storable type `: a :term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, -``real``, ``character``), or a compound type such as a ``struct``, +``real``, ``character``), or an :term:`aggregate type ` such as a ``struct``, ``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another array (which yields a higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). @@ -16,16 +16,14 @@ higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). Sizing ~~~~~~ -Arrays are **initialization-time sized**. The length of an array variable -- +Arrays are **initialization-time sized**: the length of an array variable -- and, for a :ref:`matrix or higher-rank array `, each of its dimensions -- is settled exactly *once*, at the variable's :term:`initialization`, and from that point on is fixed for the entire -lifetime of the variable. - -Initialization is not the same as :term:`compile time`. A size may be given -by an arbitrary integer expression, so a length need not be a compile-time -constant; it need only be settled by the time the array is first accessed or -assigned, and never change afterwards. Concretely: +:term:`lifetime` of the variable. The glossary entry for +:term:`initialization` gives the general rule -- a size is any integer +expression, evaluated a single time at the declaration's program point, and +need not be a :term:`compile time` constant. Concretely: - A declaration such as ``integer[n] v;`` evaluates ``n`` once, at initialization. Later changes to ``n`` have no effect on the length of @@ -39,7 +37,9 @@ assigned, and never change afterwards. Concretely: Assignment, concatenation, and casting all produce array *values*; storing such a value into an array variable never resizes that variable. If the value's length does not match, it is padded with the element type's - :term:`zero value` or a ``SizeError`` is raised, as described below. + :term:`zero value`, or the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see + :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`, as + described below. If you need a collection whose length changes as the program runs, use a :ref:`vector `, which is runtime sized. See @@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ Aside from any type specifiers, the element type of the array is the first portion of the declaration. An array is then declared using square brackets immediately after the element type. -If possible, initialization expressions may go through an implicit type -conversion. For instance, when declaring a real array that is +If possible, initialization expressions may go through an implicit cast. For instance, when declaring a real array that is initialized with an integer value the integer will be implicitly cast to a real value, and then used as a scalar initialization of the array. Be careful about type inference! If the type of the array is being inferred @@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ operations but differ in exactly one respect -- when their length is decided: :widths: 34 33 33 * - - - **Array** (``T[N]``, ``T[*]``, matrices of any rank) + - **Array** (``T[N]``, ``T[*]``, and higher-rank arrays / matrices) - **Vector** (``vector``, ``string``) * - When is the length set? - Once, at initialization @@ -214,16 +213,8 @@ Operations a. length The number of elements in an array is given by the built-in - function ``length``. For instance: - - :: - - integer[*] v = [8, 9, 6]; - integer numElements = length(v); - - - In this case ``numElements`` would be 3, since the array ``v`` - contains 3 elements. + function ``length``; see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_length` for its full + definition. b. Concatenation @@ -238,7 +229,7 @@ Operations Concatenation is also allowed between arrays of different element - types, as long as one element type is coerced automatically to the + types, as long as one element type can be implicitly cast to the other. For instance: :: @@ -286,9 +277,11 @@ Operations c. Dot Product - Two arrays with the same size and a numeric element type (types with - the ``+`` and ``*`` operators) may be used in a dot product operation. - For instance: + Two rank-1 arrays with the same size and a numeric element type + (types with the ``+`` and ``*`` operators) may be used in a dot + product operation using the ``**`` operator. For rank-2 arrays + (matrices), ``**`` instead performs matrix multiplication; see + :ref:`ssec:matrix`. For instance: :: @@ -357,7 +350,7 @@ Operations integer y = [4,5,6][3] /* y == 6 */ Like Python, *Gazprea* allows negative indices, which are interpreted as - starting from the _back_ of the array instead of the front: + starting from the *back* of the array instead of the front: :: @@ -365,7 +358,8 @@ Operations integer x = v[-2]; /* x == 5 */ integer y = [4,5,6][-1] /* y == 6 */ - Out of bounds indexing must emit an ``IndexError``. + The compiler must emit an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for + an out-of-bounds index, at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. f. Slices @@ -374,7 +368,7 @@ Operations #. Operations of the Element Type - Unary operations that are valid for the Element type of an array may be + Unary operations that are valid for the element type of an array may be applied to the array in order to produce an array whose result is the equivalent to applying that unary operation to each element of the array. For instance: @@ -388,9 +382,9 @@ Operations ``nv`` would have a value of ``[not true, not false, not true, not true] = [false, true, false, false]``. - Similarly most binary operations that are valid to the element type of a - array may be also applied to two arrays. When applied to two - arrays of the same size, the result of the binary operation is a + Similarly, most binary operations that are valid for the element type of an + array may also be applied to two arrays. When applied to two + arrays of the same size, the result of the binary operation is an array formed by the element-wise application of the binary operation to the array operands. @@ -399,8 +393,9 @@ Operations [1, 2, 3, 4] + [2, 2, 2, 2] // results in [3, 4, 5, 6] - Attempting to perform a binary operation between two arrays of - different sizes must emit a ``SizeError``. + The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when a + binary operation is performed between two arrays of different sizes, at + :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. When one of the operands of a binary operation is an array and the other operand is a scalar, the scalar value must first @@ -444,21 +439,28 @@ Operations The ``!=`` operation also produces a boolean instead of a boolean array. The result is the logical negation of the result of the ``==`` operator. + Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, + in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. + .. _sssec:array_slices: Array Slices ~~~~~~~~~~~~ An array slice is a contiguous subset of elements, described by a range. -The left hand bound is *inclusive* and the right hand bound is -*exclusive*. (Note that this differs from a range *value*, whose bounds -are both inclusive: ``0..10`` written as an expression produces the -integers 0 through 10, while the same syntax written inside an index -position selects elements with a right-exclusive bound.) A slice always -selects a contiguous run of elements. +The left hand bound is *inclusive* and the right hand bound is *exclusive*: +``a[i..j]`` selects the elements from ``i`` up to but not including ``j``. +(This differs from a range *value*, whose bounds are both inclusive: +``0..10`` written as an expression produces the integers 0 through 10, while +the same ``i..j`` syntax written inside an index position selects elements +with a right-exclusive bound.) A slice always selects a contiguous run of +elements. The following forms are accepted inside an index position, where ``n`` is -the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed: +the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed. A negative +right bound ``-i`` counts ``i`` positions back from the end and is likewise +exclusive, so ``..-1`` selects everything up to but not including the final +element: +-----------+-----------------------------------------+ | Form | Elements selected | @@ -474,12 +476,37 @@ the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed: | ``i..j`` | ``i`` through ``j-1`` | +-----------+-----------------------------------------+ -An array slice behaves semantically as a new array containing -the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. +An array slice is a **view** into the elements of its backing array, not a +copy: + +- As an :term:`lvalue`, a slice writes through to its backing array, and + so is an lvalue only when that array is mutable (declared ``var``): + + :: + + var integer[3] a = [1, 2, 3]; + a[1..3] = [4, 5]; + a -> std_output; // [4, 5, 3] + + (``a[1..3]`` selects indices 1 and 2.) + +- As an :term:`rvalue`, a slice is a live, read-only view. A ``const`` + slice is such a read-only view and need not be built on a ``const`` + array -- it still reflects later changes to its backing array: + + :: + + var integer[3] a = [1, 2, 3]; + const b = a[1..3]; + b -> std_output; // [1, 2] + a[2] = 4; + b -> std_output; // [1, 4] + +Further indexing and slicing shorthand forms are shown below. :: - // 0..10 is a range, not a slice + // 0..10 is a range value, not a slice integer[*] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* x == [2, 4] */ integer y = a[2..4][1]; /* y == 2 */ @@ -493,10 +520,16 @@ the array elements captured by the slice, as shown below. integer z2 = a[1..7][1..7][1..7][4]; /* z2 == 6 */ -Array slices are always :term:`lvalues `, although they can be used -as :term:`rvalues `. When they are used in a parameter call or on the -left side of an assignment, i.e. as an :term:`lvalue` they allow modification -of the source array: +After resolving any negative bound, both ``i`` and ``j`` in ``a[i..j]`` must +lie between ``1`` and ``n + 1`` inclusive (a slice may stop just past the last +element); a bound outside that range is an ``IndexError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`), at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`, exactly as +for a single-element index. + +A slice of a mutable (``var``) array is an :term:`lvalue`; used in a +parameter call or on the left side of an assignment, it allows modification +of the backing array, as in the following example. A slice of a ``const`` +array may be used only as an :term:`rvalue`: :: @@ -526,15 +559,17 @@ of the source array: return 0; } -This behaviour is consistent with the slice being thought of as a -reference to the original array's elements, where in the first -examples, the assignments perform a deep copy as usual and in the -procedure example, the parameters are passed by reference as usual. +Because ``c[4..7]`` and ``c[3..5]`` are views over the mutable array ``c``, +each write passes through to ``c`` itself; no copy of ``c`` is made. A slice +is *always* a view, never a copy: binding one to a new variable (as in the +earlier examples) aliases the backing array's elements rather than copying +them, so a later write through either name is visible through the other. (A +dedicated copy operator is a planned future addition.) Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that an array may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index d7be9698..9729e33d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ declared with more rows than are provided, the bottom rows hold the element type's zero value. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the amounts given in a declaration the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). +(see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. :: @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Gazprea supports empty matrices. :: - integer[*][*] m = []; /* Should create an empty matrix */ + integer[*][*] m = []; /* m == [], an empty matrix */ .. _sssec:matrix_ops: @@ -89,30 +89,29 @@ operations are applied between elements with the same position in the arrays. The operators ==, and != also have the same behavior independent of the dimensionality of the array. -These operations compare whether or not **all** elements of are equal. +These operations compare whether or not **all** elements of the two matrices +are equal. Two dimensional arrays have several special operations defined on them. If the element type is numeric (supports addition and multiplication), then matrix multiplication is supported using the operator \**. Matrix multiplication is only defined between matrices with compatible element types, and the dimensions of the matrices must be valid for performing matrix -multiplication. +multiplication. When the two operands have differing element types (e.g. +``integer ** real``), each element is implicitly cast to a common type (see +:ref:`sec:implicitCasts`) before multiplication, just as for element-wise +binary operations. When one operand of ``**`` is a scalar, it may only be +implicitly cast to a matrix operand of matrix multiplication when the other +operand is a square matrix; see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. -If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError``. - -Matrices support the built in functions ``rows`` and ``columns``, -which yield the number of rows and columns in the matrix respectively. -Their generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a future revision -(see the introduction to this section). For instance: - -:: - - integer[*][*] M = [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]]; +If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). - integer r = rows(M); /* This has a value of 2 */ - integer c = columns(M); /* This has a value of 3 */ +The number of rows and columns in a matrix is given by the built-in +functions ``rows`` and ``columns``; see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_rows_cols` for +their full definition. Matrix indexing is done similarly to array indexing, however, two @@ -135,12 +134,16 @@ and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers. /* M[1][2] == 12 */ As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices must emit an -``IndexError``. +``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or +:term:`run time`. + +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that a matrix may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. From 38a465d88c6b40f956cf903872c2d773d4ba802d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:26:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 52/84] spec(gazprea): vector methods, string alias, struct/tuple rules Vector methods split into stateless functions (len, expression-only) and stateful procedures (push/append, call-statement only; bare form is a CallError). Strengthen the string = vector alias. Struct: literal fields may be implicitly cast, dot-access on a non-variable is a TypeError, and field identifiers form a per-struct namespace. Tuple: out-of-range field index is an IndexError, type-inferred init accepts any statically-typed tuple, and a type-signature mismatch on comparison is a TypeError. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 28 +++++++---- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 71 ++++++++++++++++------------ gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 45 ++++++++++-------- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------- 4 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index c0fd96e7..af7e0906 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Although a ``string`` and a plain ``character`` array behave alike in most respects, *Gazprea* still treats the two differently in a few places: strings have an :ref:`extra literal style `, a distinct :ref:`result type for concatenation `, and special -:ref:`behaviour when sent to an output stream `. +:ref:`behavior when sent to an output stream `. .. _sssec:string_decl: @@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ that all lengths are inferred: :: - [] string = ; + [] string ; + [] string = ; + [] string = ; .. _sssec:string_lit: @@ -76,11 +78,14 @@ Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, the concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine ``string`` values with ``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of ``||`` is a ``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of -character arrays (or characters) alone yields a character array. You may also append a slice of characters to a string using the -append method. -As well, a :term:`scalar ` character may be concatenated onto -a string in the same way as it would be concatenated onto an array of -characters. +character arrays alone yields a character array. At least one operand of +``||`` must be a composite type (a ``string`` or an array); concatenating +two :term:`scalar ` values -- for example +``character || character`` -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). You may also append a slice of characters to a string +using the append method. +As well, a scalar character may be concatenated onto a string in the same +way as it would be concatenated onto an array of characters. Note that because ``string`` is a typealias for ``vector``, concatenation may also be accomplished with the ``append`` and ``push`` methods (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have exactly the vector @@ -89,8 +94,8 @@ method set): :: var string letters = ['a', 'b'] || "cd"; - letters.append("ef"); - letters.push('g'); + call letters.append("ef"); + call letters.push('g'); letters -> std_output; prints the following: @@ -99,10 +104,13 @@ prints the following: abcdefg +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, +in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. + Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that a ``string`` may be cast to -- explicitly with ``as<>()`` or through an implicit cast -- see the sections on -:ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` respectively. +:ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index b20a1663..cdfd108c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ Structs Like ``tuples``, a ``struct`` is a way of grouping multiple values with different types into an :term:`aggregate ` data structure. The main differences between tuples and structs are that the fields of a struct -are named, and the type signature of a struct is named as a user defined type. +are named, and the type signature of a struct is named as a user-defined type. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a -struct, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, -``tuple``, and other ``struct`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the +struct, including arrays of any rank (a matrix is the rank-2 case), +``vector``, ``string``, ``tuple``, and other ``struct`` types, nested to any +depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams` may not be stored within a struct. Also like tuples, structs must contain *at least two fields*. @@ -65,19 +66,18 @@ scope (see :ref:`sec:typealias`); it may not appear inside a function or procedure body, even though a plain struct *definition* may. The combined form below both defines the struct type ``S`` and introduces ``Pair`` as an alias for it: the struct's own name ``S`` remains usable, for example as a literal -constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used anywhere the struct's type -name may be used. Notably, the alias can only be used in type positions, not as -a literal constructor. +constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used in place of the struct's type name in +type positions. It may not, however, be used as a literal constructor. :: - + typealias struct S(integer x, integer y) Pair; - + function add(Pair p1, Pair p2) returns Pair { - Pair p3 = S(x: p1.x + p2.x, y: p1.y + p2.y); // Pair can not be used in place of S + Pair p3 = S(x: p1.x + p2.x, y: p1.y + p2.y); // Pair cannot be used in place of S return p3; } - + .. _sssec:struct_acc: @@ -122,10 +122,11 @@ the struct type name: struct V (integer i, real r, integer[10] arr) v = V(i: 1, r: 2.1, arr: [i in 1..10 | i]); The fields may be listed in any order, but all fields must be present. The type -of each value must match the type of the corresponding field definition in the -struct. To save having to explicitly specify a value for each index in an array, -*Gazprea* allows a single scalar to be propagated across all elements in the -array. Finally, note that the field values may need to be evaluated at run-time. +of each value must match, or be implicitly castable to (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`), +the type of the corresponding field definition in the struct. A scalar value given +for an array-typed field is implicitly cast to fill the array, following the same +scalar-to-array broadcast rule used for array operations (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`). +Finally, note that the field values may need to be evaluated at :term:`run time`. .. _sssec:struct_ops: @@ -136,19 +137,21 @@ The following operations are defined on ``struct`` instances. In all of the usage examples, ``struct-type`` means some struct yielding expression of a particular type, while ``id`` is a field within the struct. -+------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+ -| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | **Associativity** | -+------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+ -| Access | dot | ``.`` | ``struct-type.id`` | left | -+------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+ -| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``struct-type == struct-type`` | left | -+ +---------------+------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+ -| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``struct-type != struct-type`` | left | -+------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+ ++------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+ +| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | ++------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+ +| Access | dot | ``.`` | ``struct-type.id`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+ +| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``struct-type == struct-type`` | ++ +---------------+------------+--------------------------------+ +| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``struct-type != struct-type`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+--------------------------------+ Note that in the above table ``struct-type`` may only refer to a variable -instance for *Access*, while for *Comparison* at least one of the operands must -resolve to a struct type ``T``. +instance for *Access*; accessing a field via dot notation on a non-variable +(for example, the result of an expression or a struct literal) must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For *Comparison*, at least one of the +operands must resolve to a struct type ``T``. This allows struct instances to be compared to struct literals: :: @@ -160,19 +163,25 @@ Two structs are equal when all fields within each struct have the same value. Comparing two structs of different types must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. + +.. _sssec:struct_casting: + Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A struct itself cannot be cast or implicitly cast. However, the fields within a struct can be individually cast or implicitly cast, as described in -sections :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. +sections :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. -.. _ssec:struct_namespacing: +.. _sssec:struct_namespacing: Struct Namespacing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -In *Gazprea*, struct *definitions* may occur in *any* scope, including -inside function and procedure bodies as well as at global scope. -This means that two struct types with the same name *can* coexist in the same -gazprea program so long as they are not in the same scope. +Struct type identifiers share the global type namespace with every other +user-defined type, while each struct's field identifiers form a separate +namespace scoped to that struct declaration; see :ref:`sec:namespaces` for +the full namespacing rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised on a +collision. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index 76a60571..7745bbf8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Tuples ------ -A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays and matrices of any rank, ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams ` may not be stored in a tuple. +A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays of any rank (a matrix is the rank-2 case), ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams ` may not be stored in a tuple. .. _sssec:tuple_decl: @@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ The number of fields in a ``tuple`` must be known at :term:`compile time`. This includes instances of :ref:`type inference`, where a variable is declared without an explicit type signature using ``var`` or ``const``. -In this case, the variable must be initialized immediately with a -:term:`literal` whose type is known at compile time. +In this case, the variable must be initialized immediately with an +expression whose type is known at compile time. .. _sssec:tuple_acc: @@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ The elements in a tuple are accessed using dot notation. Dot notation can only be applied to tuple variables and *not* tuple literals. Dot notation means an identifier followed by a period and then a literal integer. Spaces are not allowed between elements in dot notation. -Field indices *start at one*, not zero. For example: +Field indices *start at one*, not zero. An index less than one or +greater than the tuple's number of fields causes the compiler to emit +an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For example: :: @@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ parentheses in a comma separated list. For example: :: - tuple(integer, character[5], integer[3]) my_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); + tuple(integer, character[5], integer[3]) my_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); var our_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); const your_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); tuple(integer, real, integer[10]) tuple_var = (1, 2.1, [i in 1..10 | i]); @@ -81,17 +83,17 @@ usage examples ``tuple-expr`` means some expression yielding tuples with the sam while ``int_lit`` is an integer literal as defined in :ref:`Integer Literals ` and ``tuple-inst`` is the name of tuple instance as defined in :ref:`sec:identifiers`. -+------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+-------------------+ -| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | **Associativity** | -+------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+-------------------+ -| Access | dot | ``.`` | ``tuple-inst.int_lit`` | left | -+------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+-------------------+ -| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``tuple-expr == tuple-expr`` | left | -+ +---------------+------------+------------------------------+-------------------+ -| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``tuple-expr != tuple-expr`` | left | -+------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+-------------------+ - -Note that in the above table ``tuple-expr`` may refer to a variable for access. ++------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ +| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | ++------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ +| Access | dot | ``.`` | ``tuple-inst.int_lit`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ +| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``tuple-expr == tuple-expr`` | ++ +---------------+------------+------------------------------+ +| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``tuple-expr != tuple-expr`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ + +Note that in the above table ``tuple-inst`` always refers to a variable for *Access*. Accessing a literal could be replaced immediately with the scalar inside the tuple literal, however, ``tuple-expr`` may refer to a literal in comparison operations to enable shorthand like this: @@ -100,7 +102,8 @@ refer to a literal in comparison operations to enable shorthand like this: if ((a, b) == (c, d)) { } Comparisons are performed pairwise. Two tuples are equal when for every expression pair, the equality operator returns true. -Two tuples are unequal when one or more expression pairs are unequal or the types mismatch. This table describes how the +Two tuples are unequal when one or more expression pairs are unequal. Comparing two tuples of different type +signatures must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This table describes how the comparisons are completed, where ``t1`` and ``t2`` are tuple yielding expressions including literals: ============= ========================================= @@ -110,6 +113,8 @@ comparisons are completed, where ``t1`` and ``t2`` are tuple yielding expression ``t1 != t2`` ``t1.1 != t2.1 or ... or t1.n != t2.n`` ============= ========================================= +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. .. _sssec:tuple_unpack: @@ -117,8 +122,8 @@ Unpacking ~~~~~~~~~ Any tuple expression may be assigned (unpacked) into multiple lvalues. If the size of -the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being assigned, an ``AssignError`` -is raised. There is no partial unpacking of tuples. +the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being assigned, the compiler +must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). There is no partial unpacking of tuples. :: @@ -131,4 +136,4 @@ Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that tuple may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` -and :ref:`sec:typePromotion`, respectively. +and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`, respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 9bbf3d22..869d6d28 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any :ref:`storable type `: a :term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, -``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), an array or matrix of any rank, a -``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — nested to +``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), an array of any rank (a matrix is the +rank-2 case), a ``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — nested to any depth. Only a :ref:`stream ` may not be stored. Below are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. - + :: const vector v1 = 3; // [[3, 3]] @@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ language has no broadcasting and no ``shape()`` operation. const vector const_vec = vec; +.. _sssec:vec_ops: + Operations ~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -88,8 +90,12 @@ Operations on vectors use the same syntax as operations on arrays and, except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics: in an expression a vector is treated as an array value of its current length. In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot -product. All binary operations between a vector and an array produce -*array* results -- vector-ness is not propagated through operators. +product. Every binary operation with a vector operand -- whether the +other operand is a vector or an array -- produces an *array* result; +vector-ness is never propagated through operators. + +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. .. _sssec:vec_methods: @@ -101,27 +107,36 @@ As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` ``vector``). A method call has the form ``receiver.method(arguments)`` and is governed by the following rules: -- A method call is defined as a procedure whose first parameter is the - receiver. A method ``m(args)`` invoked on a ``vector`` receiver - behaves exactly as a call to - ``procedure m(vector self, args...) returns U``: the receiver is bound - to ``self`` and the call has ordinary procedure-call semantics. Only - ``vector`` (and thus ``string``, its typealias) has methods in this - version of the language; user-defined methods on ``struct`` types are a - future extension. +- Each method is either a :ref:`function ` or a + :ref:`procedure `, according to whether it observes the + receiver or mutates it. A *stateless* + method such as ``len`` is a **function**: it is pure, returns a value, and + does not change the receiver. A *stateful* method such as ``push`` or + ``append`` is a **procedure**: it mutates the receiver. A method ``m(args)`` + invoked on a ``vector`` receiver behaves exactly as a call to + ``function m(vector self, args...) returns U`` (stateless) or + ``procedure m(var vector self, args...)`` (stateful): the receiver is + bound to ``self`` and the call has ordinary function- or procedure-call + semantics. Only ``vector`` (and thus ``string``, its typealias) has methods + in this version of the language; user-defined methods on ``struct`` types + are a future extension. - The receiver must be a variable of a language-supported object type (``vector`` or ``string``). Arrays, array slices, and the (array-valued) results of expressions have no methods; calling a method on them is a - compile-time ``TypeError``. + :term:`compile time` ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +- A **function** method (such as ``len``) is an expression: its result is a + value, so it may appear in any expression position -- on the right of a + declaration or assignment, as an argument, or in an output-stream + expression such as ``v.len() -> std_output``. Like any function call it may + not stand alone as a statement, and ``call`` does not apply to it. -- A method call whose result is used is an expression. A method call may - also stand alone as a statement, terminated by a semicolon; this is the - only expression form that may be used as a statement. An explicit - ``call`` statement may also be applied to a method call; the method still - runs and still acts on its receiver exactly as in the bare statement form. - The ``call`` keyword adds nothing here -- any result is discarded either - way -- so it is never required for a method call. +- A **procedure** method (such as ``push`` and ``append``) is used as a + statement and, like any other + :ref:`procedure call `, must be written as a + ``call`` statement: ``call v.push(1);``. Written without the ``call`` + keyword -- a bare ``v.push(1);`` -- it is a :ref:`CallError `. - Mutating methods (``push``, ``append``) additionally require the receiver to be declared ``var``. Inside a :ref:`function `, @@ -131,11 +146,11 @@ As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` The methods are: -- ``push(T)`` - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, where ``T`` is the element type of the vector +- ``push(T)`` (procedure) - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, where ``T`` is the element type of the vector -- ``len()`` - number of elements in the vector +- ``len()`` (function) - number of elements in the vector -- ``append(x)`` - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element type: +- ``append(x)`` (procedure) - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element type: if ``x`` is a single value implicitly castable to ``T`` it is cast to ``T`` and appended as a single element; otherwise ``x`` must be an array whose elements are each implicitly castable to ``T``, and its elements @@ -147,37 +162,35 @@ The methods are: var vector v1; // v1 == [] v1.len() -> std_output; // 0 - v1.push(1); // v1 == [1] + call v1.push(1); // v1 == [1] v1.len() -> std_output; // 1 - v1.push(2); // v1 == [1, 2] + call v1.push(2); // v1 == [1, 2] v1.len() -> std_output; // 2 - v1.append([3, 4, 5]); // v1 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + call v1.append([3, 4, 5]); // v1 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] v1.len() -> std_output; // 5 var vector v2; // v2 == [] - const x = 1..10; - + const x = 1..10; + // `1` is implicitly cast to `[1.0, 1.0]` before appending - v2.append(1); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0]] + call v2.append(1); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0]] // length 1 array padded to length 2 - v2.append([3.0]); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0]] - + call v2.append([3.0]); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0]] + // slices - v2.append(x[5..7]); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0], [5.0, 6.0]] + call v2.append(x[5..7]); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0], [5.0, 6.0]] v2.len() -> std_output; // 3 - v2.len(); // Legal statement; result discarded - - (v1 + v1).push(3); // TypeError: the sum is an array + call (v1 + v1).push(3); // TypeError: the sum is an array // value, and arrays have no methods Slicing a vector produces an array slice (there are no "vector slices"). :: - // Slicing a vector produces an array slice - vec[2..5].append(x[5..7]) // TypeError; cannot do `append` on an array slice + var vector v3 = x; + call v3[2..5].append(x[5..7]); // TypeError; cannot do `append` on an array slice From 9722b8388d8fe3180bb0920c7f16d70c8486be32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:26:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 53/84] spec(gazprea): scalar types and casting semantics Integer overflow raises a MathError, except under -ffast-math where it is the language's sole undefined behavior; %-by-zero is a MathError. Real overflow and division by 0.0 raise a MathError under normal evaluation and produce the IEEE-754 result under -ffast-math. integer<->character casts use the ASCII/byte value; a scalar may be cast to a single-element vector with an explicit element type; add the closed-world 'any undescribed cast is a TypeError' rule. Drop duplicate per-type associativity columns. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------- gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 31 ++++++++++++++--------------- gazprea/spec/types/character.rst | 33 ++++++++++++++++++------------- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 21 ++++++++++++++++---- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++----------- 5 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index 75638dc3..af83392f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Type Casting *Gazprea* provides explicit :term:`type casting`. Type casting is an :term:`expression`. A value may be converted to a different type using the -following syntax where ``value`` is an expression and ``toType`` is our +following syntax where ``value`` is an expression and ``toType`` is the destination type: :: @@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ destination type: Conversion from one type to another is not always legal. For instance converting from an ``integer`` array to an ``integer`` has no -reasonable conversion. +reasonable conversion. Attempting such a conversion is a compile-time +error; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). More +generally, any ``as<>`` conversion this chapter does not describe as legal is +a compile-time error, and the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). .. _ssec:typeCasting_stos: @@ -24,7 +28,8 @@ Scalar to Scalar This table summarizes all of the conversion rules between scalar types where N/A means no conversion is possible, id means no change is necessary, and anything else describes how to convert the value to the -new type: +new type. Attempting a conversion marked N/A is a compile-time error; +the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **To type** | @@ -45,8 +50,8 @@ new type: Scalar to Array ----------------------- -A scalar may be cast to an array of any dimension with an element type that -the original scalar can be cast to according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. +A scalar may be explicitly cast to an array of any dimension with an element type that +the original scalar can be explicitly cast to according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. A scalar to array cast *must* include a size with the type to cast to as this cannot be inferred from the scalar value. For example: @@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ Array to Array Conversions between array types are also possible. First, the values of the original are cast to the destination type's element type according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos` and then the destination -is padded with destination element type's zero or truncated to match the +is padded with destination element type's :term:`zero value` or truncated to match the destination type size. Note that a concrete size is not required for array to array casting: writing the destination element type with an unspecified length (``[*]``) keeps the old size, so no padding or truncation occurs. @@ -120,7 +125,7 @@ A :ref:`vector ` participates in ``as<>`` casts on both sides. - As the **operand** of an array cast, a vector supplies its *current* length as the source size; the cast then pads with the element type's - zero value or truncates to the destination array's stated size, exactly + :term:`zero value` or truncates to the destination array's stated size, exactly as in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov`. - As the **destination** type, a ``vector`` takes no size specifier: the @@ -128,6 +133,11 @@ A :ref:`vector ` participates in ``as<>`` casts on both sides. to pad or truncate. Only the element type is converted, per :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. +- A :term:`scalar ` may be cast directly to a ``vector`` + destination, producing a single-element vector. Because a vector carries no + size specifier, the element type ``T`` must be written explicitly -- there + is no size or element-type inference for this cast. + :: vector v = [1.5, 2.5, 3.5]; @@ -140,6 +150,9 @@ A :ref:`vector ` participates in ``as<>`` casts on both sides. integer[3] w = [4, 5, 6]; vector u = as >(w); // [4, 5, 6] + // Scalar to vector: single-element vector; T must be explicit. + vector s = as >(5); // [5] + .. _ssec:typeCasting_ttot: Tuple to Tuple @@ -147,8 +160,11 @@ Tuple to Tuple Conversions between ``tuple`` types are also possible. The source type and the destination type must have an equal number of members, and each member -must be pairwise castable. Every member is cast by the rule for its own -kind: scalar members follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, array members +must be pairwise castable; a mismatch in the number of members, or a member +that cannot be cast under its own kind's rule, is a compile-time error and +the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Every +member is cast by the rule for its own kind: scalar members follow +:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`, array members follow :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` (including padding and truncation), and a nested ``tuple``, ``vector``, or array member follows the same cast rules as a standalone value of that type. A ``struct`` member is the diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index f50a2702..7eb196df 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Declaration ~~~~~~~~~~~ A ``boolean`` value is declared with the keyword ``boolean``. -If the variable is not initialized explicitly, it is set to ``false`` (zero). +If the variable is not initialized explicitly, it is set to ``false`` (its :term:`zero value`). .. _sssec:boolean_lit: @@ -34,20 +34,19 @@ The following operations are defined on ``boolean`` values. In all of the usage examples ``bool-expr`` means some ``boolean`` yielding expression. -============= ========== =========================== ================= -**Operation** **Symbol** **Usage** **Associativity** -============= ========== =========================== ================= -parenthesis ``()`` ``(bool-expr)`` N/A -negation ``not`` ``not bool-expr`` right -logical or ``or`` ``bool-expr or bool-expr`` left -logical xor ``xor`` ``bool-expr xor bool-expr`` left -logical and ``and`` ``bool-expr and bool-expr`` left -equals ``==`` ``bool-expr == bool-expr`` left -not equals ``!=`` ``bool-expr != bool-expr`` left -============= ========== =========================== ================= - -Unlike many languages the ``and`` and ``or`` operators do not `short -circuit +============= ========== =========================== +**Operation** **Symbol** **Usage** +============= ========== =========================== +parenthesis ``()`` ``(bool-expr)`` +negation ``not`` ``not bool-expr`` +logical or ``or`` ``bool-expr or bool-expr`` +logical xor ``xor`` ``bool-expr xor bool-expr`` +logical and ``and`` ``bool-expr and bool-expr`` +equals ``==`` ``bool-expr == bool-expr`` +not equals ``!=`` ``bool-expr != bool-expr`` +============= ========== =========================== + +Unlike many languages, the ``and`` and ``or`` operators do not `short-circuit evaluation `__. Therefore, both the left hand side and right hand side of an expression must always be evaluated. @@ -60,5 +59,5 @@ Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that ``boolean`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst index e3965d24..33a6a9cd 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst @@ -60,25 +60,30 @@ Hex escape ``\xH[H]`` ``0x00`` to ``0xFF`` Operations ~~~~~~~~~~ -The following operations are defined between ``character`` values. - -+------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------------+-------------------+ -| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | **Associativity** | -+============+==========================+============+===========================+===================+ -| Grouping | parentheses | ``()`` | ``(character)`` | N/A | -+------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------------+-------------------+ -| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``character == character``| left | -| +--------------------------+------------+---------------------------+-------------------+ -| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``character != character``| left | -+------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------------+-------------------+ +The following operations are defined between ``character`` values. + ++------------+---------------+------------+----------------------------+ +| **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | ++============+===============+============+============================+ +| Grouping | parentheses | ``()`` | ``(character)`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+----------------------------+ +| Comparison | equals | ``==`` | ``character == character`` | +| +---------------+------------+----------------------------+ +| | not equals | ``!=`` | ``character != character`` | ++------------+---------------+------------+----------------------------+ :term:`Scalar ` values with type ``character`` may be -concatenated onto variables with type ``string`` or arrays with type -``character``. +concatenated onto values of type ``string`` or arrays with type +``character``. See :ref:`sssec:string_ops` for the full concatenation +rules, including the ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) raised when +both operands of ``||`` are scalar, e.g. ``character || character``. + +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that ``character`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index bbd50fda..d37d44c6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ represented by an ``i32`` in *MLIR*. Declaration ~~~~~~~~~~~ -A ``integer`` value is declared with the keyword ``integer``. +An ``integer`` value is declared with the keyword ``integer``. .. _sssec:integer_lit: @@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ An ``integer`` literal is specified in base 10. For example: 2 0 -An ``integer`` literal must be a representable ``i32`` value. +An ``integer`` literal must be a representable ``i32`` value; the compiler +must emit a ``LiteralError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) otherwise. .. _sssec:integer_ops: @@ -73,11 +74,23 @@ expression. Unary negation produces the additive inverse of the ``integer`` expression. Unary plus always produces the same result as the -``integer`` expression it is applied to. Remainder mirrors the behaviour +``integer`` expression it is applied to. Remainder mirrors the behavior of remainder in *C99*. Exponentiation between integers gives an ``integer`` result. This is the same behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an ``integer``. +Signed 32-bit arithmetic that overflows the ``i32`` range (``+``, +``-``, ``*``, ``^``) causes the implementation to raise a +``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The sole exception is the +``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under which integer overflow is +undefined behavior -- the only construct whose behavior *Gazprea* +leaves undefined, provided solely for performance testing. + +Division and remainder (``%``) where the right operand is ``0``, and +exponentiation where the base is ``0`` and the exponent is ``<= 0``, +cause the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. + Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. @@ -86,5 +99,5 @@ Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that ``integer`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index 9ee3dbe1..a5036d4d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ Real ---- -A ``real`` is an IEEE 754 32-bit floating point value. A ``real`` can be -represented by a ``f32`` in *MLIR*. +A ``real`` is an IEEE 754 32-bit floating-point value. A ``real`` can be +represented by an ``f32`` in *MLIR*. .. _sssec:real_decl: @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ parsed. For example: A ``real`` literal can also be created by any valid ``real`` or ``integer`` literal followed by scientific notation indicated by the character ``e`` or ``E`` and another valid ``integer`` literal. Scientific notation -multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`. For example, +multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`, e.g. :math:`4.2\mathrm{e}{-3}=4.2 \times10^{-3}`. For example: :: @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`. For example, 4.2e-1 4.2e+9 4.2E5 - 42.e+37 + 42.e+7 .42e-7 42E6 @@ -53,18 +53,27 @@ multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`. For example, Operations ~~~~~~~~~~ -Floating point operations are equivalent to :ref:`integer operations -`. Operator precedence and associativity, as for all -types, are specified once in the :ref:`table of operator precedence -`. +Floating-point operations are equivalent to :ref:`integer operations +`. -Operations on real numbers should adhere to the IEEE 754 spec with -regards to the representation of not-a-number(NaNs), infinity(infs), and -zeros. +The ``%`` operator is defined on ``real`` operands as the decimal +remainder, e.g. ``6.77 % 4.21 == 2.56``. + +Under normal evaluation, real arithmetic that overflows the finite ``real`` +range, and real division or ``%`` where the right operand is ``0.0``, cause +the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Under the +``-ffast-math`` compiler flag they instead produce the IEEE 754 result -- a +signed ``Infinity``, or ``NaN`` for ``0.0 / 0.0`` -- rather than an error. + +Real values use the IEEE 754 representation of not-a-number (NaNs), infinity +(Infs), and zeros. + +Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in +the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the types that ``real`` may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see -the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:typePromotion` +the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts` respectively. From 603f54359a8feb0461519054ef011537bba4239c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:27:02 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 54/84] spec(gazprea): functions, procedures, statements, expressions Single-source the procedure call positions and the operators allowed on a call result (violations are a CallError); a procedure call cannot appear as a control expression or stream operand. Rescope aliasing to var-involved arguments, add the disjoint-field example, and make two var slices of one backing array always alias. Name MainError for main(), StatementError for I/O in a function, TypeError for a return-type mismatch, and normalize assignment/slice/generator error emissions to the canonical form. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 20 +++++---- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 38 ++++++++-------- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 68 +++++++++++++---------------- 4 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 52ad9e4e..8239db10 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ or another expression. .. _ssec:expressions_toop: -Table of Operator precedence +Table of Operator Precedence ---------------------------- The following is a table containing all of the precedences and @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ therefore one of the ways an array's length becomes fixed at A generator creates a value of a 1D array type when one :term:`iterator variable` is used, and a 2D array type when two iterator variables are used. -Supplying any other number of iterator variables is ill-formed and is +Supplying any other number of iterator variables is :term:`ill-formed` and is reported through *Gazprea*'s standard error taxonomy rather than as a generator-specific error: the compiler must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ with three or more dimensions). The :term:`domain` in a domain expression is any array-typed value: static arrays, dynamically-sized :ref:`vectors `, -:ref:`strings `, and :ref:`ranges ` +:ref:`strings `, and :ref:`ranges ` all count. The generator dimension is determined solely by how many iterator variables the generator introduces (one or two), not by the shape of the domain @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ This additional expression is used to create the generated values. For example: integer[2][3] M = [i in 1..2, j in 1..3 | i * j]; /* M[i][j] == i * j */ -The expression to the right of the bar (``|``), is used to generate the +The expression to the right of the bar (``|``) is used to generate the value at the given index. Let ``T`` be the type of the expression to the right of the bar (``|``). The rank of the result is fixed by the number of iterator variables, not by the @@ -142,15 +142,17 @@ For instance: Iterator variables are not initialized when they are declared. In loops, :term:`re-initialization` happens at the start of each -execution of the loop's body statement. We may chain iterator -variables using commas, such as in matrix generators. +execution of the loop's body statement. A generator -- but not an +iterator loop, which permits only a single domain expression (see +:ref:`sssec:statements_iter_loop`) -- may chain iterator variables +using commas, such as in matrix generators. :: integer i = 2; /* The "i"s both domain expressions are at the same scope, which is - * the one enclosing the loop. Therefore the matrix is: [[0 0 0] [0 1 2] [0 2 4]] + * the one enclosing the generator. Therefore the matrix is: [[0 0 0] [0 1 2] [0 2 4]] */ integer[3][3] mat = [ i in 0..i, j in 0..i | i*j ]; @@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ instance: This is true for domain expressions within generators as well. Because the domain is captured by evaluating it once, a runtime-sized -domain fixes its iteration count at that moment. A :ref:`vector +domain fixes its iteration count at :term:`initialization`. A :ref:`vector ` or :ref:`string ` may serve as the domain, and the length it holds when the domain is evaluated sets the number of iterations; growing the vector or string inside the loop body does not @@ -187,4 +189,4 @@ iterator variable is bound fresh. loop i in 1..6 { integer i = 5; - } + } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 2dc81bc1..18ff7b61 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ Functions A function in *Gazprea* has several requirements: -1. All of the arguments are implicitly ``const``, and can not be mutable. +1. All of the arguments are implicitly ``const``, and cannot be mutable. 2. Function arguments cannot contain type qualifiers. Including a type qualifier with a function argument must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -3. Argument types must be explicit. Inferred size arrays are allowed +3. Argument types must be explicit. Inferred size arrays are allowed. -4. Functions can not perform any I/O. +4. Functions cannot perform any I/O; performing I/O in a function body must emit a ``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -5. Functions can not rely upon any mutable state outside of the function. +5. Functions cannot rely upon any mutable state outside of the function. -6. Functions can not call any procedures. +6. Functions cannot call any procedures, with one exception: a mutating vector/string method (``push``, ``append``) may be called on a variable local to the function (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`); any other procedure call inside a function must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). 7. Functions must be declared in the global scope. @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ These can be called as follows: real c = pythag(3, 4); /* 3 and 4 are implicitly cast to real. c == 5.0 */ real value = get([i in 1..10 | i], 3); /* value == 3 */ -A function’s body can also be given by a block statement instead of a +A function's body can also be given by a block statement instead of a single expression. In this case the return value of the function is given with the return statement. A return statement must be reached by all possible control flows in the function before the end of the @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ emit a ``ReturnError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). ``f`` is :term:`ill-formed` since if ``b == false``, then we reach the end of the function without a return statement, so we do not know what value ``f(false)`` should take on. A conforming implementation must -reject this program with a ``ReturnError`` such as:: +emit a ``ReturnError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) rejecting this program, such as:: ReturnError on line 1: function "f" does not have a return statement reachable by all control flows @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ reject this program with a ``ReturnError`` such as:: /* This is invalid because if the loop ever finished executing the function would end before a return statement is encountered. In - general the compiler can not tell when a loop would execute + general the compiler cannot tell when a loop would execute forever, so we make the assumption that all branches in the control flow could be followed. */ function f() returns integer { @@ -220,24 +220,24 @@ Like Rust, array *slices* may be passed as arguments: function slicer() returns real[*] { integer[10] a = 1..10; var vector two_halves = to_real_vec(a[1..6]); - two_halves.append(to_real_vec(a[6..])); + call two_halves.append(to_real_vec(a[6..])); return two_halves; } Remember that all function parameters are ``const`` in *Gazprea*, so that all -functions are pure. That means that while it is legal to pass arrays and slices -*by reference*, a function can change neither the contents nor the length of an -array, vector, or string it receives, because such a change would be visible -outside the function. You must check that the ``const`` requirement is honored. +functions are pure. That means that arrays, vectors, and strings, like every +other function argument, are passed *by value* at the call (see +:ref:`ssec:procedure_implicit_casts`), not by reference; a function can change +neither the contents nor the length of an array, vector, or string it +receives, since a ``const`` parameter cannot be assigned to at all. A function +that assigns to one of its parameters must emit an ``AssignError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). .. _ssec:function_namespacing: Function Namespacing -------------------- -In *Gazprea* function declarations occur in the global scope. -This means that two functions with the same name cannot coexist in the same -gazprea program, nor can you forward declare the same function twice. - -Additionally, functions and procedures share the same namespace; you cannot -declare a function and procedure with the same name +Function identifiers share the global variable/function/procedure namespace +with every other global identifier; see :ref:`sec:namespaces` for the full +namespacing rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised on a collision. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index c1b06e34..498413b8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ have to be :term:`pure ` and as a result it may: - Have arguments marked with ``var`` that can be mutated. By default arguments are ``const`` just like functions (see :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). -- A procedure may only accept a literal or expression as an argument if - and only if the procedure declares that argument as ``const``. +- Accept a literal or expression as an argument if and only if the + corresponding parameter is declared ``const``. -- Procedures may perform I/O. +- Perform I/O. -- A procedure can call other procedures. +- Call other procedures. In exchange for these capabilities, the ways in which a procedure *call* may be used are restricted. @@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ A procedure call may appear only in one of three positions: - as the procedure being called in a ``call`` statement. -This is the single authoritative list of those positions: wherever else this -specification refers to where a procedure call may appear, it points back to -this list rather than restating it. In particular, a procedure call may not be -used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. +This is the single authoritative list of those positions. A procedure call +may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. When a procedure call appears in one of these positions, the only operations that may be applied to its result are unary operators and :ref:`casts `. The result may additionally not be used in the direct construction of a type that does not match the return type of the -procedure. +procedure. A procedure call used outside these positions, or with any other +operation applied to its result, is :term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must emit +a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Aside from this (and the different syntax necessary to declare/define them), procedures are very similar to functions. The extra capabilities -that procedures have makes them harder to reason about, test, and +that procedures have make them harder to reason about, test, and optimize. .. _ssec:procedure_syntax: @@ -94,13 +94,16 @@ These procedures can be called as follows: call fibonacci(x,y); /* x == 21 and y == 34 */ Only procedures may be called with ``call``. Functions must -appear in expressions because they can not cause side effects, so using +appear in expressions because they cannot cause side effects, so using a function in a ``call`` statement would not do anything. *Gazprea*'s compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. -A procedure may never be called within a function, doing so would allow for -impure functions. The positions in which a procedure call may appear are +A procedure may never be called within a function, with one exception: a +mutating :ref:`vector/string method ` (``push``, +``append``) may be called on a variable local to the function. Any other +procedure call within a function would allow for impure functions, and the +compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The positions in which a procedure call may appear are exactly :ref:`those listed at the start of this chapter `; in particular, a procedure call may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. As noted there, the @@ -144,7 +147,10 @@ Execution of a *Gazprea* program starts with a procedure called ``main``. This procedure takes no arguments, and has an integer return type. ``main`` is called exclusively by the operating system, and the return value is used by the operating system, so if you are using multiple compilation units -one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. +one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. A program with no +``main``, or whose ``main`` does not match this signature, is +:term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must emit a ``MainError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -163,10 +169,10 @@ one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. Implicit Casts of Arguments --------------------------- -An argument may be :ref:`implicitly cast ` to the parameter +An argument may be :ref:`implicitly cast ` to the parameter type at call time, but only if the argument is passed by value (that is, the parameter is ``const``). A mutable (``var``) parameter is effectively call by -reference, so the parameter and the argument denote the same *l-value* (a +reference, so the parameter and the argument denote the same :term:`l-value ` (a pointer); there is no separate value to convert, and so no implicit cast can be inserted. @@ -198,7 +204,8 @@ The call ``byreference(y)`` is illegal for two independent reasons. First, the parameter ``var string x`` is call by reference, which admits no implicit cast: there is no distinct value to convert, only the caller's storage. Second, even setting that aside, the argument ``y`` is ``const``, and a ``var`` parameter -cannot bind a ``const`` argument. +cannot bind a ``const`` argument; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). Aliasing @@ -206,12 +213,14 @@ Aliasing Since procedures can have mutable arguments, it would be possible to cause `aliasing `__. -In *Gazprea* a program that aliases mutable variables is -:term:`ill-formed`. The only case -where aliasing of arguments is allowed is through disjoint tuple or struct field access. This +Aliasing is restricted only when at least one of the aliased arguments is +bound to a ``var`` parameter; two arguments bound to ``const`` parameters may +always alias, since neither grants the ability to mutate. A program that +aliases two such arguments, where at least one is bound to a ``var`` +parameter, is :term:`ill-formed`. This helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. However, the compiler must be able to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and must emit -an ``AliasingError`` when this is detected. For instance: +an ``AliasingError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected. For instance: :: @@ -249,17 +258,26 @@ passed to procedures. For instance: It is impossible to tell whether or not these overlap at :term:`compile time` due to the halting problem. Thus for simplicity, whenever an array is passed to a procedure *Gazprea* detects aliasing whenever the same array is used, -regardless of whether or not the access would overlap. +regardless of whether or not the access would overlap. Because a +:ref:`slice ` is a view into a backing array, two ``var`` +arguments that slice the same backing array always alias -- the backing array +is the unit of aliasing -- even when their ranges are disjoint. -Another instance of aliasing relates to tuples, such as passing the -same tuple twice in one procedure, or passing the entire tuple and -separately passing a single tuple field. In both cases this can cause -aliasing. +Another instance of aliasing relates to tuple and struct fields. Passing the +same field to two ``var`` parameters is aliasing, but passing two *disjoint* +fields of the same tuple or struct to two ``var`` parameters is legal, since +disjoint fields occupy non-overlapping storage: :: - call p(t1, t1.1); - /* p is some procedure with a tuple argument and a real argument */ + procedure p(var integer x, var integer y) { + /* Some code here */ + } + + var tuple(integer, integer) t = (1, 2); + + call p(t.1, t.2); /* Legal: disjoint fields, no aliasing. */ + call p(t.1, t.1); /* AliasingError: the two var arguments alias. */ .. _ssec:procedure_vec_mat: @@ -319,7 +337,7 @@ length, while ``extend`` lengthens a vector that its caller then observes: } procedure extend(var vector v, integer x) { - v.push(x); /* v grows by one element */ + call v.push(x); /* v grows by one element */ } procedure main() returns integer { @@ -341,9 +359,6 @@ length of an array, vector, or string it receives. Procedure Namespacing --------------------- -In *Gazprea* procedure declarations occur in the global scope. -This means that two procedures with the same name cannot coexist in the same -gazprea program, nor can you forward declare the same procedure twice. - -Additionally, functions and procedures share the same namespace; you cannot -declare a function and procedure with the same name +Procedure identifiers share the global variable/function/procedure namespace +with every other global identifier; see :ref:`sec:namespaces` for the full +namespacing rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised on a collision. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index d00cc91b..7823a270 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ side. Type checking must be performed on assignment statements. The expression on the right hand side must have a type that can be implicitly cast -to the type of the variable. For instance: +to the type of the variable. If it does not, the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance: :: @@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ to the type of the variable. For instance: /* Since 'int_var' is an integer it can be implicitly cast to a real number */ real_var = int_var; /* Legal */ - /* Real numbers can not be turned into boolean values automatically. */ + /* Real numbers cannot be turned into boolean values automatically. */ bool_var = real_var; /* Illegal */ Assignments can also be more complicated than this with arrays and tuples. @@ -79,8 +80,9 @@ Assigning a whole array value changes an array's *contents*, never its *length*. Because an array is :term:`initialization`-time sized, its length is fixed once at :term:`initialization`; the right hand side is fitted to that fixed length, with a shorter value padded using the -element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value raising a -``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors` and :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). +element type's :term:`zero value` and a longer value causing the +compiler to emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors` and +:ref:`sssec:array_sizing`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. Assigning to a :ref:`vector ` behaves differently: it replaces the contents *and* the length together, so there is no padding and no ``SizeError``. @@ -154,12 +156,12 @@ assignment. For instance: */ The above is a simple example using arrays. You must ensure that values -can not be aliased with an assignment between any types, including +cannot be aliased with an assignment between any types, including arrays and tuples. Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is -:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` when this is +:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected, since it does not make sense to change a constant value. The right hand side of an assignment statement is always evaluated @@ -189,8 +191,9 @@ statements in other languages such as *C/C++*. As an example: } Is a block statement. Declarations can only appear at the start of a -block. Each block statement introduces a new scope that new variables -may be declared in. For instance this is perfectly valid: +block (see :ref:`sec:declaration`, which specifies the ``StatementError`` +this raises). Each block statement introduces a new scope that new +variables may be declared in. For instance this is perfectly valid: :: @@ -354,7 +357,7 @@ predicate. For example: A post-predicated loop is also available. In this case the control expression is tested after the body statement is executed. This also uses the ``while`` token followed by the control expression, but it appears -at the end of the loop. Post Predicated loop statements must end in a +at the end of the loop. Post-predicated loop statements must end in a semicolon. :: @@ -399,27 +402,14 @@ Array ranges can also be used instead: i -> std_output; } -The domain is evaluated once, when control first reaches the loop, and -the resulting value is captured for the lifetime of the loop. Each -iteration then performs :term:`re-initialization`: a fresh binding of -the iterator variable to the next element of the captured domain. -Subsequent modifications to any variable that appeared in the domain -expression do not affect the captured domain. For instance: +The domain is evaluated once, when control first reaches the loop; see +:ref:`ssec:expressions_dom_expr` for the full evaluate-once and +:term:`re-initialization` semantics of the iterator variable on each +pass. -:: - - var integer[*] v = [i in 1..3 | i]; - - /* Since 'v' is captured on loop entry this loop prints 1, - 2, and then 3 even though after the first iteration 'v' - is the zero array. */ - loop i in v { - v = 0; - i -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; - } - -Note that multiple domain expressions are *not* allowed; an iterator -loop with more than one domain expression must emit a ``SyntaxError``. +Note that multiple domain expressions are *not* allowed; the compiler +must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for an iterator loop +with more than one domain expression. :: @@ -442,13 +432,13 @@ Break A ``break`` statement may only appear within the body of a loop. When a ``break`` statement is executed the loop is exited, and *Gazprea* continues -to execute after the loop. This only exits the innermost loop, which +to execute after the loop. This only exits the innermost loop that actually contains the ``break``. :: /* Prints a 3x3 square of *'s */ - integer x = 0; + var integer x = 0; var integer y = 0; loop while (y < 3) { @@ -466,7 +456,7 @@ actually contains the ``break``. } If a ``break`` statement is not contained within a loop the compiler must -emit a ``StatementError``. +emit a ``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). .. _ssec:statements_continue: @@ -475,11 +465,11 @@ Continue Similarly to ``break``, ``continue`` may only appear within the body of a loop. When a ``continue`` statement is executed the innermost loop -that contains the ``continue`` statements starts its next iteration. +that contains the ``continue`` statement starts its next iteration. ``continue`` stops the execution of the loop's body statement, the loop then continues as though the body statement finished its execution normally. If a ``continue`` statement is not contained within a loop the -compiler must emit a ``StatementError``. +compiler must emit a ``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -505,8 +495,9 @@ function/procedure was called. If the function/procedure has a return type then the ``return`` statement must be given a value that is the same as or able to be implicitly cast to (see -:ref:`sec:typePromotion`) the return type; this will be the result of the -function/procedure call. Here is an example: +:ref:`sec:implicitCasts`) the return type; this will be the result of the +function/procedure call. If the value is neither, the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Here is an example: :: @@ -529,8 +520,9 @@ return early. In this case return is used as follows: Stream Statements ----------------- -Stream statements are the statements used to read and write values in -*Gazprea*. +See :ref:`sec:streams` for the streams *Gazprea* provides and their +output/input formatting rules. Stream statements are the statements +used to read and write values in *Gazprea*. Output example: From 0ae185f338cc1ef1f54c710ce13c1bf0e204fdde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:27:02 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 55/84] spec(gazprea): declarations, constexpr, globals, namespaces State that a non-declaration statement at global scope is a GlobalError and that assigning to an undeclared identifier is a SymbolError. Extend the constexpr operator set (comparison/boolean/%/^), split its unary/binary rule, and make aggregate operators and slices over constexpr arrays constexpr. Declare three identifier namespaces (type, variable/function, struct-field). Define 'value type' and fix the storable-types nesting wording; drop maintainer-only signposts and misc prose. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/comments.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++------------ gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 26 ++++++++------- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 21 +++++++----- gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst | 24 +++++++------- gazprea/spec/keywords.rst | 9 +++--- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 17 ++++++---- gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst | 25 +++++++++------ gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 21 +++++++----- gazprea/spec/types.rst | 16 ++++++---- 10 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/comments.rst b/gazprea/spec/comments.rst index f6fa782e..20a4d9f9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/comments.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/comments.rst @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ the two adjacent forward slashes is ignored. For example: :: - integer x = 2 * 3; // This is ignored + integer x = 2 * 3; // This is ignored Multi-line block comments are made using **/\*** and **\*/**. The start of a block comment is marked using **/\***, and the end of the block diff --git a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst index c816fe4a..4bd28f25 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst @@ -22,12 +22,19 @@ An expression is a valid ``constexpr`` if it is composed exclusively of: 1. :term:`Literals ` of :term:`primitive types ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``). -2. The operators ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``not``, ``and``, ``or``, - ``xor``, between two or more ``constexpr``\ s. +2. The unary operators ``+``, ``-``, ``not`` applied to a single + ``constexpr``, and the binary operators ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, + ``%``, ``^``, ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, ``>=``, ``==``, ``!=``, ``and``, + ``or``, ``xor`` applied between two ``constexpr``\ s. 3. Constructors for :term:`aggregate types `, provided that the aggregate is const and all members are ``constexpr``\ s. 4. Index or field access on ``constexpr`` aggregate types. 5. Other variables that are themselves valid ``constexpr``\ s. +6. The implicit :term:`zero value` of a ``const`` declared with no + initializer (e.g. ``const integer i;`` is the constexpr ``0``). +7. An aggregate-level operator (element-wise arithmetic, ``**``, ``||``) + applied between ``constexpr`` aggregates, or a slice of a ``constexpr`` + array; each is itself a ``constexpr`` under these same rules. An expression is **not** a ``constexpr`` if it contains: @@ -40,11 +47,16 @@ variable is a ``constexpr``, the compiler must trace its entire dependency chain. If the chain ever depends on a :term:`run time` value, the check fails. -The only expressions that *must* be ``constexpr`` are global constants. Other -constexprs arising from constants inside function :term:`scope` may also be -constexprs +A context that requires a ``constexpr`` (a global initializer, see +:ref:`sec:global`, or a typealias size, see :ref:`sec:typealias`) reports +that context's own error when this check fails. + +The only expressions that *must* be ``constexpr`` are global constants and +the size expressions used to parameterize a ``typealias`` (see +:ref:`sec:typealias`). Other constexprs arising from constants inside +function :term:`scope` may also be constexprs but the implementation does not need to enforce or necessarily identify this. -Students should also note that MLIR has a constant propagation pass built in, +Students should also note that MLIR has a constant propagation pass built-in, so doing constant folding yourself may not be necessary depending on your implementation. @@ -65,9 +77,6 @@ implementation. const C = B + 5; // C is 25 // Illegal Global Constant Expressions - var x = 10; - const Y = x + 5; // Not a constexpr: depends on a 'var' - function get_val() returns integer { return 100; } const Z = get_val(); // Not a constexpr: depends on a function call @@ -87,14 +96,15 @@ allowing them to be used to define other constants. 2. All of its element initializers are valid ``constexpr``\ s. A ``vector`` (the resizable type) can never be a ``constexpr`` - aggregate, since its length can change at run time. An array *is* a - ``constexpr`` aggregate when its size and every element initializer are - themselves ``constexpr``\ s. An inferred-size array such as - ``integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` is a ``constexpr`` when its initializer is; - ``[*]`` denotes a size inferred once, at :term:`initialization`, not a - resizable one. An array whose size or initializer is only known at run - time is still a perfectly legal array -- it is simply not a - ``constexpr``. + aggregate, since its length can change at run time; because ``string`` + is a strong-equivalence alias for ``vector`` (see + :ref:`ssec:string`), the same exclusion applies to ``string``. An + inferred-size array such + as ``integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` is a ``constexpr`` when its initializer + is; ``[*]`` denotes a size inferred once, at :term:`initialization`, not + a resizable one (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). An array whose size or + initializer is only known at run time is still a perfectly legal array + -- it is simply not a ``constexpr``. :: @@ -109,9 +119,14 @@ allowing them to be used to define other constants. integer[ELEMENT] my_array = 0; // Legal: static array of size 30, zero-filled const integer[2] BAD_TABLE = [10, get_val()]; // Illegal: initializer is not a constexpr - // also illegal if a procedure since - // procedure calls are not allowed - // within declarations + + This would remain illegal even if ``get_val()`` were a procedure: a call + may appear only as the direct right-hand side of a declaration or + assignment, or as the callee of a ``call`` statement, and its result may + not be used in the direct construction of a differently-typed aggregate + (see :ref:`procedure call positions `); + here the call is nested inside the array literal, not the declaration's + direct right-hand side. A ``constexpr`` can appear anywhere a ``const`` declaration is legal, including inside functions, procedures, and control-flow blocks. However, diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 2394b6c3..83e8c652 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Declarations ============ Variables must be declared before they are used. Aside from -a few :ref:`special cases `, declarations have the +a few :ref:`special cases `, declarations have the following formats: :: @@ -22,20 +22,21 @@ omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are immutable by default Optionally, a declaration may explicitly initialize the value of the new variable with the value of ````. -In *Gazprea* all variables must be initialized in a well defined manner in +In *Gazprea* all variables must be initialized in a well-defined manner in order to ensure :term:`functional purity`. If the variables are not initialized to a known value their initial value might change depending on when the program is run. *Gazprea* therefore follows a strict RAII-style discipline: every -declaration is also an :term:`initialization `, and no +declaration is also an :term:`initialization`, and no variable is ever observable in an uninitialized state. When the programmer omits the explicit initializer, the compiler implicitly initializes the variable to the :term:`zero value` of its type. The zero value is ``0`` for ``integer``, ``0.0`` for ``real``, -``false`` for ``boolean``, ``' '`` (a space) for ``character``, -the empty string ``""`` for ``string``, and, for -:term:`aggregate types ` (arrays, vectors, tuples, -structs), each element or field set to its own zero value. +``false`` for ``boolean``, ``' '`` (a space) for ``character``, the +empty collection (e.g. the empty string ``""``) for a ``vector`` or +``string``, and, for a fixed-size :term:`aggregate type ` +(array, matrix, tuple, or struct), each element or field set to its own +zero value. *Gazprea* has no ``null`` value. An array's length is likewise settled at :term:`initialization` and is then fixed for the remainder of the variable's lifetime (see @@ -58,9 +59,9 @@ the beginning of a block. For instance this would not be legal in } because the declaration of the real version of ``i`` does not occur at -the start of the block. The compiler must emit a ``StatementError`` for -any declaration that appears after the declaration prefix at the start of -its enclosing block statement. +the start of the block. The compiler must emit a ``StatementError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`) for any declaration that appears after the declaration +prefix at the start of its enclosing block statement. The following declaration placement is legal: @@ -78,9 +79,10 @@ initialization statement is therefore :term:`ill-formed`. :: - /* All of these declarations are illegal, they would result in garbage values. */ + /* All of these declarations are illegal: the right-hand-side identifier + is not yet in scope during its own initializer. */ integer i = i; - integer[10] v = v[0] * 2; + integer[10] v = v[1] * 2; The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for the use of undeclared variables in these cases. If a variable of the same name diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index b5375893..c91842c2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ earlier in the file. Function and procedure prototypes lift this rule for calls, since a prototype lets a later definition be referenced before it textually appears. +A statement other than a declaration at global scope -- an assignment, an +``if``, a loop, or a bare expression -- must emit a ``GlobalError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). + Variable Declarations --------------------- @@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ globals must be immutable (``const``). If a global identifier is declared with the ``var`` specifier, then the compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This restriction is in place since mutable global variables would ruin :term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to -mutable global state then we can not guarantee their purity. +mutable global state then the compiler can no longer guarantee their purity. Globals must be initialized with a valid :ref:`constant expression `. A global :term:`initializer` @@ -39,15 +43,16 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables initializer. * A global may not have a ``vector`` type (the dynamically-sized type), because a vector's size is determined at :term:`run time`. Because - :ref:`string ` is an alias for ``vector``, a + :ref:`string ` is a typealias for ``vector``, a global may not have a ``string`` type either (so - ``const string s = "hi";`` at global scope is a ``GlobalError``). An inferred-size array such as - ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` *is* permitted: ``[*]`` denotes an - inferred size that is fixed by its ``constexpr`` initializer at compile - time. + ``const string s = "hi";`` at global scope is a ``GlobalError``). An + inferred-size array such as ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` *is* + permitted: ``[*]`` denotes an inferred size that is fixed by its + ``constexpr`` initializer at compile time + (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). * All globals are implicitly ``constexpr``. -Violations of any of the above must be reported as a ``GlobalError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). +The compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for any +violation of the above. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst index 96a55df6..778eefc9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst @@ -4,30 +4,30 @@ Identifiers =========== :term:`Identifiers ` in *Gazprea* must start with either an -underscore or a letter (upper or lower cased). Subsequent characters can +underscore or a letter (upper or lower case). Subsequent characters can be an underscore, letter (upper or lower case), or number. An identifier may not be any of *Gazprea*\ 's keywords. Here are some valid identifiers in *Gazprea*: :: - hello - h3ll0 - _h3LL0 - _Hi - Hi - _3 + hello + h3ll0 + _h3LL0 + _Hi + Hi + _3 The following are some examples of :term:`ill-formed` identifiers. They begin with a number, contain invalid characters, or are a keyword: :: - 3d - in - a-bad-variable-name - no@twitter - we.don't.like.punctuation + 3d + in + a-bad-variable-name + no@twitter + we.don't.like.punctuation *Gazprea* imposes no restrictions on the length of identifiers. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst index 36f2e000..ef8c0af1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/keywords.rst @@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ Keywords ======== -*Gazprea* has a number of built in keywords that are reserved and should +*Gazprea* has a number of built-in keywords that are reserved and must not be used by a programmer. -The names of the built-in functions (``length``, ``rows``, ``columns``, -``reverse``, ``format``, ``stream_state``) are *not* keywords; they are -reserved semantically, and shadowing one with a user identifier is a -``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:builtIn`), not a syntax error. +The names of the built-in functions are *not* keywords; they are +reserved semantically rather than syntactically -- see :ref:`sec:builtIn` +for the full rule. - and diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index 4e4f1c8e..1e62ca7a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -3,13 +3,16 @@ Namespaces ========== -There are two namespaces in *Gazprea*: +There are three namespaces in *Gazprea*: - Type namespace: user-defined types (structs and typealiases). - Variable/Function/procedure namespace: variables, functions, and procedures. +- Struct field namespace: each ``struct`` type has its own field + namespace, distinct from the type and variable/function/procedure + namespaces and from every other struct's field namespace. -Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier, this is a ``SymbolError``. +Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier; the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -18,12 +21,12 @@ Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the s // These three statements all conflict with each other // Any two of them in the same program produces a SymbolError - integer x = 3; - function x() returns integer; - procedure x() returns integer; + integer x = 3; + function x() returns integer; + procedure x() returns integer; :: - + // Pro tip: write code that looks like this, employers love it typealias integer a; @@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the s struct b (a b, a a, main main); // Struct field identifiers do not conflict with anything procedure main() returns integer { - + a a = 1; // type and variable do not conflict b b = b(b: a, a: 2, main: 3); diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst index 1c44a3da..5c0ec319 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst @@ -19,12 +19,11 @@ provided. For instance, instead of writing: var x = 2; const y = x * 2; -This is allowed because the compiler knows that the initialization -expression, 2, has the type integer. Because of this the compiler can -automatically give x an integer type. A *Gazprea* programmer can use -``var`` or ``const`` for any declaration with an initial value -expression, as long as the compiler can guess the type for the -expression. +This is allowed because the compiler knows that the :term:`initializer`, +2, has the type integer. Because of this the compiler can automatically +give x an integer type. A *Gazprea* programmer can use ``var`` or +``const`` for any declaration with an initial value expression, as long +as the compiler can infer the type for the expression. Note that although the qualifier may be elided (default is ``const``; see :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`) and the type may be elided (inferred from the @@ -35,15 +34,21 @@ RHS), a declaration that elides both is :term:`ill-formed`: x = 2; // assignment or declaration? Interpreted as a declaration, the full form would be ``const integer x = 2;``. -However, with both the modifier and type assumed we can't differentiate this -declaration from an assignment statement. To prevent this ambiguity, we require -at least one of the qualifier or the type to be present: +However, with both the modifier and type assumed, the compiler cannot +differentiate this declaration from an assignment statement. To prevent this +ambiguity, *Gazprea* requires at least one of the qualifier or the type to be +present: :: const integer x = 2; // full form - legal integer x = 2; // defaults to const - legal var x = 2; // infers integer - legal - x = 2; // assignment to undeclared variable? - illegal + x = 2; // assignment to undeclared x - illegal var x; // can't infer type - illegal integer x; // const integer initialized to 0 - legal + +Since neither the qualifier nor the type is present, ``x = 2;`` cannot be +parsed as a declaration and is instead an assignment; because ``x`` has not +been previously declared, the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 6b86aea8..996c6b37 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ Type Qualifiers ``var``. These qualifiers can prefix a type to specify its mutability or entirely replace the type to request that it be inferred. Mutability refers to a value's ability to be an :term:`lvalue`: every value can be an -:term:`rvalue`, but only a mutable one can also be an lvalue. +:term:`rvalue`, but only a mutable one can also be an lvalue (an array +slice's lvalue-ness follows the mutability of its backing array; see +:ref:`sssec:array_slices`). The two qualifiers cannot be combined as they are mutually exclusive. .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_const: @@ -23,15 +25,18 @@ can be an rvalue. For example: const integer i; Because a ``const`` value is not an lvalue, it cannot be passed to a -``var`` argument in a ``procedure``. +``var`` parameter in a ``procedure``; the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). ``const`` is the default in *Gazprea*: a declaration with no qualifier declares a ``const`` variable. Both ``T x`` (qualifier elided) and ``const T x`` (qualifier written explicitly) are legal spellings of the same declaration. Writing ``const`` is therefore redundant, except where -the qualifier entirely replaces the type (the inference form below). -This section is the normative home of that rule; other chapters reference -it. +the qualifier entirely replaces the type (see +:ref:`ssec:typeQualifiers_infer`). + +.. This section is the normative home of the const-by-default rule; other + chapters reference it. .. _ssec:typeQualifiers_var: @@ -55,8 +60,8 @@ attempt is made to modify a variable that is not explicitly declared Type Inference Using Qualifiers ------------------------------- -Type qualifiers may be used in place of a type, in which case the real -type must be inferred. A variable declared in this manner must be +Type qualifiers may be used in place of a type, in which case the +compiler must infer the real type. A variable declared in this manner must be **immediately initialized** to enable inference. For example: :: @@ -68,5 +73,5 @@ type must be inferred. A variable declared in this manner must be var t = (1, 2, 'a', [1, 2, 3]); // tuple(integer, integer, character, integer[3]) const v = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']; // character[4] -See :ref:`sec:typeInference` for a larger description of type inference, this section only +See :ref:`sec:typeInference` for a larger description of type inference; this section only provides the syntax for inference using ``const`` and ``var``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types.rst b/gazprea/spec/types.rst index 2e6525b4..66404d12 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types.rst @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ Types ===== +Type names appear in lower case as code (``string``, ``vector``, +``integer``); section titles use ordinary title capitalization. + .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 @@ -28,23 +31,24 @@ passed as an argument, returned, or held as a member of an except :ref:`streams `, which name I/O endpoints rather than values. -Aggregates may be nested to any depth. An :ref:`array ` or -:ref:`matrix ` of any rank, a :ref:`vector `, a +Aggregates may be nested to any depth. An :ref:`array ` of any +rank (a :ref:`matrix ` is the rank-2 case), a +:ref:`vector `, a :ref:`tuple `, and a :ref:`struct ` may each hold any storable element or field type, including one another. For example a ``vector`` (for a struct type ``S``), a struct with a ``tuple`` field, -and a ``tuple(S, integer[3][3])`` are all well formed. +and a ``tuple(S, integer[3][3])`` are all :term:`well-formed`. -Nesting must be **acyclic through value types**. A ``struct`` or ``tuple`` +Nesting must be **acyclic** through :term:`value types `. A ``struct`` or ``tuple`` whose fields, directly or transitively, contain a value of its own type -has no finite size and is ill formed; the compiler must emit a +has no finite size and is :term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type may, however, refer to itself *through a* :ref:`vector `, because a vector is dynamically sized and stored by indirection: :: - struct Tree (integer value, vector children); // well formed + struct Tree (integer value, vector children); // well-formed struct Bad (integer value, Bad next); // TypeError: infinite size .. note:: From 4244a1bf9f1d8df2dad187ed2c695f3c347a249f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:27:02 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 56/84] spec(gazprea): streams, built-ins, glossary consistency Bar tuples and structs from stream output (TypeError) and a procedure call from a stream operand (CallError). format() reuses the output-format representation; length is defined for rank-1/vector/string and a domain-restricted built-in is a TypeError. Carve out -ffast-math integer overflow as the sole undefined behavior in the implementation-defined-behavior entry, add 'explicit cast' and 'value type' glossary entries, and align the referential-transparency entry with the push/append exception. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 34 ++++++---- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 97 +++++++++++++++++++---------- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 49 ++++++++------- 3 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index f2710e82..b43286b7 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ Built-In Functions ================== -*Gazprea* has some built-in functions. These built in functions may have -some special behavior that normal functions can not have, for instance +*Gazprea* has some built-in functions. These built-in functions may have +some special behavior that normal functions cannot have, for instance many of them will work on arrays of any element type. Normally a function must specify the element type of an array argument. @@ -22,13 +22,21 @@ whatever length that value currently holds. The shape-specific built-ins keep the domains their own sections describe: ``rows`` and ``columns`` require a two-dimensional matrix, and ``format`` takes a scalar. +Applying a built-in outside its defined domain -- ``reverse``/``length`` on +a non-1-D value, ``rows``/``columns`` on a non-2-D value, or ``format`` on a +non-scalar -- is a compile-time error; the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + .. _ssec:builtIn_length: Length ------ -``length`` takes an array of any element type, and returns an integer -representing the number of elements in the array. +``length`` takes a single-dimensional array of any element type, and +returns an integer representing the number of elements in the array. +``length`` is not defined for an array of rank greater than 1; use ``rows`` +and ``columns`` (see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_rows_cols`) for a two-dimensional +matrix instead. :: @@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ vector's :ref:`len ` method. length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 3 */ - v.push(4); /* 'v' is now [1, 2, 3, 4] */ + call v.push(4); /* 'v' is now [1, 2, 3, 4] */ length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 4 */ @@ -77,7 +85,7 @@ rank-agnostic ``shape`` built-in in this version of the language.) Reverse ------- -The reverse built-in takes any single dimensional array, vector, or string, and returns a +The reverse built-in takes any single-dimensional array, vector, or string, and returns a reversed version of it. :: @@ -94,7 +102,10 @@ Format ------- The ``format`` built-in takes any :term:`scalar ` as input and -returns a ``string`` containing the formatted value of the scalar. +returns a ``string`` containing the formatted value of the scalar. The result +uses the same representation the scalar's type has when sent to an output +stream (see :ref:`sssec:output_format`); a type with no defined output format +(a ``tuple`` or ``struct``) cannot be formatted. :: @@ -104,9 +115,8 @@ returns a ``string`` containing the formatted value of the scalar. "i = " || format(i) || ", r = " || format(r) || '\n' -> std_output; // Prints: "i = 24, r = 2.4\n" -Note that ``format`` will have to allocate space to hold the return string. -You will have to figure out how to manage the memory so it is reclaimed -eventually. +Note that ``format`` allocates space to hold the return string; the +implementation is responsible for reclaiming it. .. _ssec:builtIn_stream_state: @@ -115,7 +125,7 @@ Stream State When reading values of certain types from ``std_input`` it is possible that an error is encountered, or that the end of the stream has been encountered. In -order to handle these situations *Gazprea* provides a built in procedure that is +order to handle these situations *Gazprea* provides a built-in procedure that is implicitly defined in every file: :: @@ -147,4 +157,4 @@ encountered the end of the stream. The input stream is described in more detail in the -:ref:`input stream ` section. +:ref:`input stream ` section. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index be3bac53..677c1bdb 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ an ISO/IEC or IEEE standard, the documentation of an ongoing industrial open-source project (LLVM, GCC, GNU Binutils), or a peer-reviewed publication in a respected venue. Where a term has a widely-used *effective* reference (e.g. cppreference for the C++ value categories), that reference -appears alongside the authoritative citation and is explicitly labelled as +appears alongside the authoritative citation and is explicitly labeled as non-normative. Every glossary entry is a Sphinx ``:term:`` target and can be @@ -46,17 +46,24 @@ Terms :sorted: initialization - The :term:`run time` instant immediately before the first execution - of a variable's declaration. A variable's array and matrix - dimensions are settled *exactly once*, at initialization, and are - then fixed for the remainder of that variable's lifetime: an array - is sized once and can never be resized. A size may be any integer - expression -- it need not be a :term:`compile time` constant -- but - it is evaluated a single time, at this instant, and later changes to - that expression's inputs do not affect the array. (Ada draws the - same once-only distinction with a separate *elaboration* step; - *Gazprea* keeps a single definition of a variable's size and calls - the instant it happens *initialization*.) + The :term:`run time` instant at which a variable's declaration first + executes. A declaration is a single *program point*; at run time + control reaches that point along some *control-flow path*, and may reach + it more than once -- a declaration in a loop body, or one on a branch of + a conditional, is reached once per time control flows through it. A + variable is *initialized* on the first execution of its declaration + point along the path taken; each subsequent execution of the same + declaration begins a fresh :term:`lifetime` rather than mutating the + previous one (see :term:`re-initialization`). A variable's array and + matrix dimensions are settled *exactly once*, at initialization, and are + then fixed for the remainder of that variable's lifetime: an array is + sized once and can never be resized. A size may be any integer + expression -- it need not be a :term:`compile time` constant -- but it is + evaluated a single time, at this instant, and later changes to that + expression's inputs do not affect the array. (Ada draws the same + once-only distinction with a separate *elaboration* step; *Gazprea* + keeps a single definition of a variable's size and calls the instant it + happens *initialization*.) zero value The value a variable of a given type holds when it is declared @@ -73,8 +80,8 @@ Terms aggregate type A type composed of subordinate members of possibly-different types. In ISO C the term denotes array and structure types collectively - [#iso-c11]_. In *Gazprea* the aggregate types are arrays, vectors, - tuples, strings, and structs; see :ref:`sec:types`. + [#iso-c11]_. In *Gazprea* the aggregate types are arrays, matrices, + vectors, tuples, and structs; see :ref:`sec:types`. *Terminology note.* Ada calls this umbrella category *composite type* rather than *aggregate type* [#ada-rm]_. ISO C @@ -109,7 +116,7 @@ Terms *Compiler subtypes.* The unmarked base case -- a compiler whose target is machine code executable by a CPU -- has no distinct term of art; it is simply *compiler*. Two marked variants are - recognised: + recognized: * A :term:`source-to-source translator` compiles from one high-level language to another high-level language [#dragon]_. @@ -197,7 +204,7 @@ Terms in a defined order. The concept is standard across modern language families: Python defines it operationally through the iterator protocol (``__iter__`` / ``__next__``) [#pep-234]_; - C++ defines *iterators* as generalised pointers into a range, + C++ defines *iterators* as generalized pointers into a range, with the requirements collected in [iterator.requirements] [#cpp-draft]_. In *Gazprea* the word is used informally for the mechanism that a @@ -244,7 +251,7 @@ Terms An informal property of a language, expression, or function: the absence of observable :term:`side effects `. There is no ISO definition; the standard academic reference is - Strachey's characterisation of :term:`referential transparency` + Strachey's characterization of :term:`referential transparency` [#strachey-2000]_. *Gazprea* invokes functional purity as the motivation for forbidding mutable :ref:`globals ` and for the input-only nature of function arguments. @@ -277,10 +284,13 @@ Terms *Gazprea policy.* A conforming *Gazprea* implementation must not have any user-distinguishable implementation-defined - behavior, unspecified behavior, or undefined behavior: every - program is either :term:`well-formed` and produces the output - required by this specification, or it is :term:`ill-formed` and - the implementation emits an error. The reason these + behavior or unspecified behavior, and has no undefined behavior + beyond the single deliberate exception of integer overflow under + the ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag (see :ref:`ssec:integer`), + provided solely for performance testing. Outside that one case, + every program is either :term:`well-formed` and produces the + output required by this specification, or it is :term:`ill-formed` + and the implementation emits an error. The reason these C/C++ terms appear in this glossary is definitional -- the *Gazprea* prose uses them to say what the language does *not* allow, not to reserve latitude for implementers. @@ -292,10 +302,24 @@ Terms ``as(value)``; an implicit cast is simply the automatic counterpart (e.g. ``integer`` -> ``real`` when arithmetic mixes them). The mechanism is specified in - :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. Most implicit casts can also be written + :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. Most implicit casts can also be written explicitly as an ``as<>`` cast; a scalar-to-array explicit cast must then state the destination size (see :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stovm`). + explicit cast + A conversion the programmer writes out explicitly in the program + text with the ``as(value)`` syntax, as opposed to an + :term:`implicit cast`, which the compiler inserts automatically. + Both are *casts*; the explicit form is specified in + :ref:`sec:typeCasting`. + + value type + A type whose values are stored inline, by value, rather than + through indirection. In *Gazprea* every :term:`aggregate type` + except ``vector`` is a value type; nesting must be acyclic through + value types, so a ``struct`` or ``tuple`` may refer to its own type + only through a ``vector`` (see :ref:`ssec:storable_types`). + implicit conversion An automatic conversion inserted by the language, without a cast, to make an operand's type match a required target type. ISO C @@ -304,7 +328,7 @@ Terms *Gazprea* uses this general term only in the glossary. In the *Gazprea* specification proper the analogous mechanism is called an :term:`implicit cast`, described in - :ref:`sec:typePromotion`. + :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. initializer The syntactic element that supplies an initial value to a newly @@ -346,7 +370,7 @@ Terms The interval during which the :term:`linker` runs, after :term:`translation` of each translation unit and before program execution. ISO C describes this as translation phase 8 - [#iso-c11]_. Link-time optimisation (LTO), performed at this + [#iso-c11]_. Link-time optimization (LTO), performed at this point, is documented for the LLVM toolchain in [#llvm-lto]_. literal @@ -383,7 +407,7 @@ Terms *Gazprea note.* *Gazprea* is not an object-oriented language -- it has no user-defined classes, no inheritance, and no virtual dispatch. The one place the *Gazprea* prose reaches for - OO-flavoured wording is the :term:`aggregate ` + OO-flavored wording is the :term:`aggregate ` :ref:`vector ` type, which exposes methods (``push``, ``len``, ``append``) via dot syntax. Those are built-in operations on the vector's storage-region object, not @@ -397,7 +421,8 @@ Terms *primitive* types (``i32``, floating-point types, ``void``, etc.) from *derived* and *aggregate* types [#llvm-langref]_. In *Gazprea* the primitive types are ``boolean``, ``integer``, - ``real``, and ``character``. + ``real``, and ``character``. See also :term:`scalar type`, + ISO C's term for the same four *Gazprea* types. prvalue A "pure r-value": "an expression whose evaluation initializes an @@ -426,7 +451,9 @@ Terms therefore change between calls with the same arguments; nor for any expression that transitively depends on a procedure call. This is why *Gazprea* forbids calling procedures inside - functions, forbids mutable globals, and restricts the operators + functions (aside from a mutating ``vector``/``string`` method such as + ``push``/``append`` on a function-local variable; see + :ref:`sec:function`), forbids mutable globals, and restricts the operators that may combine a procedure call's return value (see :ref:`sec:procedure`). @@ -450,7 +477,9 @@ Terms types are collectively called scalar types" [#iso-c11]_. Ada groups enumeration, integer, and real types as scalar [#ada-rm]_. In *Gazprea* the scalar types are ``boolean``, - ``integer``, ``real``, and ``character``. + ``integer``, ``real``, and ``character``. See also + :term:`primitive type`, the LLVM-derived term for the same four + *Gazprea* types. scope "The region of program text within which [an] identifier is @@ -512,7 +541,7 @@ Terms converter are all translators [#dragon]_. type - A characterisation of a set of values together with a set of + A characterization of a set of values together with a set of operations on those values [#ada-rm]_ [#pierce-tapl]_. *Gazprea*'s types are enumerated in :ref:`sec:types`. @@ -548,7 +577,7 @@ Terms *Further reading (for the curious student).* The deep connection between type systems and formal logic -- types correspond to propositions, programs to proofs, program - reduction to proof normalisation -- is the *Curry-Howard + reduction to proof normalization -- is the *Curry-Howard correspondence*. Wadler's ACM lecture "Propositions as Types" [#wadler-2015]_ is a short, entry-level survey; Sørensen and Urzyczyn's book-length *Lectures on the Curry-Howard @@ -581,7 +610,7 @@ Terms "C++ program constructed according to the syntax rules, diagnosable semantic rules, and the one-definition rule" [#cpp-defns]_. *Gazprea* uses "well-formed" throughout in - this generalised sense: a *Gazprea* program is well-formed if it + this generalized sense: a *Gazprea* program is well-formed if it satisfies every diagnosable rule stated in this specification. xvalue @@ -652,7 +681,7 @@ The primary citations for the entries above are listed here. defines the range-based ``for`` statement's *for-range-declaration* and *for-range-initializer*. * [iterator.requirements] §25.3 -- entry :term:`iterator`; defines - iterators as generalised pointers into a range and enumerates + iterators as generalized pointers into a range and enumerates the iterator category requirements. .. [#cpp-defns] ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20), the "defns" definitions @@ -789,11 +818,11 @@ The Diataxis framework classifies a glossary as *reference* documentation, whose job is to describe -- accurately, austerely, and without narrative -- the technical vocabulary of a system [#diataxis]_. The Write the Docs community guide reiterates the -constraint that reference material should be optimised for lookup +constraint that reference material should be optimized for lookup rather than for narrative reading [#wtd-reference]_. Guidance on the craft of glossary-writing itself -- one entry per concept, plain language, definitions that do not re-use the word being defined, and -concrete examples where possible -- is summarised by Lester at The +concrete examples where possible -- is summarized by Lester at The Word Factory [#wordfactory-glossary]_. ISO/IEC/IEEE 26514:2022 gives the formal standards-track requirements for user documentation, including terminology sections [#iso-26514]_. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index c359b86a..a2981b76 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -26,18 +26,18 @@ Output Format Values of the following :term:`primitive types ` are treated as follows when sent to an output stream: -- :ref:`ssec:character`: The character is printed. +- :ref:`ssec:character`: Prints the character. -- :ref:`ssec:integer`: Converted to a string representation, and then printed. +- :ref:`ssec:integer`: Converts it to a string representation, and then prints it. -- :ref:`ssec:real`: Converted to a string representation, and then printed. +- :ref:`ssec:real`: Converts it to a string representation, and then prints it. This is the same behavior as the `%g specifier in printf `__. - :ref:`ssec:boolean`: Prints T for true, and F for false. :ref:`Arrays ` print their contents according to the rules above, with square -braces surrounding its elements and with spaces only *between* values. +braces surrounding their elements and with spaces only *between* values. For example: :: @@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ prints the following: [1 2 3] -:ref:`vectors ` print exactly as :ref:`arrays ` +:ref:`Vectors ` print exactly as :ref:`arrays ` do, using whatever length the vector holds at the time of the output statement. A :ref:`string ` is the sole exception: although a string is a vector of characters, it prints its characters contiguously rather than in bracketed array form, as shown next. -:ref:`strings ` print their contents as a contiguous sequence of characters. +:ref:`Strings ` print their contents as a contiguous sequence of characters. For example: :: @@ -83,10 +83,15 @@ prints the following: [[1 2 3] [4 5 6] [7 8 9]] -No other type may be sent to a stream. For instance, -procedures with no return type and tuples cannot be sent to streams. +No other type may be sent to a stream; the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance, a tuple or a struct +cannot be sent to a stream. A procedure call may not appear as a stream operand at all, +since that is not one of the :ref:`positions in which a procedure call may +appear `; the compiler must emit a +``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Also, empty arrays and matrices can be sent to streams, but not empty -literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type. +literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type; sending one must emit +a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Note that there is **no automatic new line or spaces printed.** To print a new line, a user must explicitly print the new line or space @@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ Input streams use the following syntax: :: - <- std_input; + <- std_input; An :term:`lvalue` may be anything that can appear on the left hand side of an assignment statement. @@ -128,21 +133,21 @@ Input streams may only work on the following primitive types: Implicit casting is not performed for stream input over any type. - .. _sssec:input_format: +.. _sssec:input_format: Input Semantics ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ``std_input`` expects an input stream of values which do not need to be whitespace separated. A read will consume the stream until a character or -EOF occurs that breaks the pattern match for the given types specifier. The longest +EOF occurs that breaks the pattern match for the given type's specifier. The longest successful match is returned. In general input stream semantics are designed for parity with ``scanf``. The only differences are the :ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state`, a boolean specifier and a restriction on the maximum number of bytes that can be consumed in a single read to 512. -For each of the allowed types the semantics are given below. +For each of the allowed types the semantics are given below. Reading a ``character`` from stdin consumes the first byte that can be read from the stream. If the end of the stream is encountered, then a value of ``-1`` is set. There @@ -157,10 +162,10 @@ sign character may be skipped up to the limit imposed by the 512 byte read restr A ``real`` input from stdin can take any legal format described in the :ref:`real literal ` section with the exception that no whitespace may be present. It may also be preceded by a single negative or -positive sign. Preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same way as integers. +positive sign. Preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same way as integers. A ``boolean`` input from stdin is either ``T`` or ``F``. Preceding whitespace may be -skipped in the same way as integers and reals. +skipped in the same way as integers and reals. For the following program: @@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ Error Handling When reading ``boolean``, ``integer``, and ``real`` from stdin, it is possible that the end of the stream or an error is encountered. In order to -handle these situations *Gazprea* provides a built in procedure that is +handle these situations *Gazprea* provides a built-in procedure that is implicitly defined in every file: ``stream_state`` (see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state` for its signature). ``stream_state`` returns ``0`` if the last read succeeded, ``1`` if it encountered an @@ -215,7 +220,7 @@ either be successfully read, or the end of the stream will be reached: the read then yields the ``character`` whose 8-bit value is ``-1`` (i.e. ``as(-1)``) and sets state 2. -When an error occurs, the zero value for the type being read (see the +When an error occurs, the :term:`zero value` for the type being read (see the Return column of the table below) is assigned and the input stream remains pointing to the same position as before the read occurred. @@ -235,15 +240,15 @@ states 1,0,0,2 respectively. ss -> std_output; c <- std_input; //eat the . - + i <- std_input; i -> std_output; - + c <- std_input; ss = stream_state(std_input); ss -> std_output; - -With the input stream: + +With the input stream: :: @@ -255,7 +260,7 @@ And the expected output: 0172 -This table summarizes an input stream’s possible error states after a read of a +This table summarizes an input stream's possible error states after a read of a particular data type. ========= ============= ========= ================= From fa0ecb360f43ea95340de8e814b66ef9ca2c1a14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:38:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 57/84] style(gazprea): reflow prose to 79 columns Rewrap prose paragraphs -- including list items, preserving each marker and its hanging indent -- so no prose line exceeds 80 columns, for a consistent line width across the specification. Formatting only: no content, code-block, or table changes, and the Sphinx build is unaffected. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 12 +++--- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 15 +++++-- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 54 ++++++++++++------------ gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 6 +-- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 64 +++++++++++++++-------------- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 31 +++++++------- gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/types.rst | 12 +++--- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 43 +++++++++---------- gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 4 +- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 10 ++--- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 34 ++++++++------- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 15 +++---- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 47 +++++++++++++-------- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 24 +++++------ 18 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 181 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index b43286b7..8e75ff20 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ rank-agnostic ``shape`` built-in in this version of the language.) Reverse ------- -The reverse built-in takes any single-dimensional array, vector, or string, and returns a -reversed version of it. +The reverse built-in takes any single-dimensional array, vector, or string, and +returns a reversed version of it. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 83e8c652..f797a1a8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ following formats: [] [= ]; A declaration creates a variable with an :ref:`identifier ` of -````, with :ref:`type ` ````, and optionally a :ref:`type qualifier ` of ````. -The two qualifiers are ``var`` and ``const``, which qualify the identifier as -*mutable* or *immutable*, respectively. -In *Gazprea* it is important to remember that if the optional qualifier is -omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are immutable by default -(normative statement in :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). +````, with :ref:`type ` ````, and optionally a +:ref:`type qualifier ` of ````. The two +qualifiers are ``var`` and ``const``, which qualify the identifier as *mutable* +or *immutable*, respectively. In *Gazprea* it is important to remember that if +the optional qualifier is omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are +immutable by default (normative statement in :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). Optionally, a declaration may explicitly initialize the value of the new variable with the value of ````. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 18ff7b61..509eca00 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -7,15 +7,21 @@ A function in *Gazprea* has several requirements: 1. All of the arguments are implicitly ``const``, and cannot be mutable. -2. Function arguments cannot contain type qualifiers. Including a type qualifier with a function argument must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +2. Function arguments cannot contain type qualifiers. Including a type + qualifier with a function argument must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see + :ref:`sec:errors`). 3. Argument types must be explicit. Inferred size arrays are allowed. -4. Functions cannot perform any I/O; performing I/O in a function body must emit a ``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +4. Functions cannot perform any I/O; performing I/O in a function body must + emit a ``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). 5. Functions cannot rely upon any mutable state outside of the function. -6. Functions cannot call any procedures, with one exception: a mutating vector/string method (``push``, ``append``) may be called on a variable local to the function (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`); any other procedure call inside a function must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +6. Functions cannot call any procedures, with one exception: a mutating + vector/string method (``push``, ``append``) may be called on a variable + local to the function (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`); any other procedure + call inside a function must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). 7. Functions must be declared in the global scope. @@ -172,7 +178,8 @@ do not have to match the argument names in the function definition. Array and Matrix Parameters and Returns ---------------------------------------- -The arguments and return value of functions can have both explicit and inferred sizes. For example: +The arguments and return value of functions can have both explicit and inferred +sizes. For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index 1e62ca7a..7096c2c1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ There are three namespaces in *Gazprea*: namespace, distinct from the type and variable/function/procedure namespaces and from every other struct's field namespace. -Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier; the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the +same namespace cannot share an identifier; the compiler must emit a +``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 498413b8..0d53c9a4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -100,17 +100,16 @@ compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) if a function is used in a ``call`` statement. A procedure may never be called within a function, with one exception: a -mutating :ref:`vector/string method ` (``push``, -``append``) may be called on a variable local to the function. Any other -procedure call within a function would allow for impure functions, and the -compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The positions in which a procedure call may appear are -exactly :ref:`those listed at the start of this chapter +mutating :ref:`vector/string method ` (``push``, ``append``) +may be called on a variable local to the function. Any other procedure call +within a function would allow for impure functions, and the compiler must emit +a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The positions in which a procedure +call may appear are exactly :ref:`those listed at the start of this chapter `; in particular, a procedure call may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. As noted there, the only operations permitted on the result of a procedure call are unary operators and :ref:`casts `; using the result of a procedure call in a -binary expression is :term:`ill-formed`. -For example: +binary expression is :term:`ill-formed`. For example: :: @@ -143,14 +142,13 @@ just like functions. Main ---- -Execution of a *Gazprea* program starts with a procedure called -``main``. This procedure takes no arguments, and has an integer return -type. ``main`` is called exclusively by the operating system, and the return value is -used by the operating system, so if you are using multiple compilation units -one and only one compilation unit must define ``main``. A program with no -``main``, or whose ``main`` does not match this signature, is -:term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must emit a ``MainError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`). +Execution of a *Gazprea* program starts with a procedure called ``main``. This +procedure takes no arguments, and has an integer return type. ``main`` is +called exclusively by the operating system, and the return value is used by the +operating system, so if you are using multiple compilation units one and only +one compilation unit must define ``main``. A program with no ``main``, or whose +``main`` does not match this signature, is :term:`ill-formed`; the compiler +must emit a ``MainError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). :: @@ -172,9 +170,9 @@ Implicit Casts of Arguments An argument may be :ref:`implicitly cast ` to the parameter type at call time, but only if the argument is passed by value (that is, the parameter is ``const``). A mutable (``var``) parameter is effectively call by -reference, so the parameter and the argument denote the same :term:`l-value ` (a -pointer); there is no separate value to convert, and so no implicit cast can be -inserted. +reference, so the parameter and the argument denote the same :term:`l-value +` (a pointer); there is no separate value to convert, and so no +implicit cast can be inserted. :: @@ -211,16 +209,16 @@ cannot bind a ``const`` argument; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see Aliasing -------- -Since procedures can have mutable arguments, it would be possible to -cause `aliasing `__. -Aliasing is restricted only when at least one of the aliased arguments is -bound to a ``var`` parameter; two arguments bound to ``const`` parameters may -always alias, since neither grants the ability to mutate. A program that -aliases two such arguments, where at least one is bound to a ``var`` -parameter, is :term:`ill-formed`. This -helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. However, the compiler must be able -to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and must emit -an ``AliasingError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected. For instance: +Since procedures can have mutable arguments, it would be possible to cause +`aliasing `__. Aliasing is +restricted only when at least one of the aliased arguments is bound to a +``var`` parameter; two arguments bound to ``const`` parameters may always +alias, since neither grants the ability to mutate. A program that aliases two +such arguments, where at least one is bound to a ``var`` parameter, is +:term:`ill-formed`. This helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. +However, the compiler must be able to catch cases where mutable memory +locations are aliased, and must emit an ``AliasingError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected. For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 7823a270..bf8bc120 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ The above is a simple example using arrays. You must ensure that values cannot be aliased with an assignment between any types, including arrays and tuples. -Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that -places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is -:term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is +Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them +on the left hand side of an assignment expression is :term:`ill-formed`. The +compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected, since it does not make sense to change a constant value. The right hand side of an assignment statement is always evaluated diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index a2981b76..a5032909 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ treated as follows when sent to an output stream: - :ref:`ssec:character`: Prints the character. -- :ref:`ssec:integer`: Converts it to a string representation, and then prints it. +- :ref:`ssec:integer`: Converts it to a string representation, and then prints + it. - :ref:`ssec:real`: Converts it to a string representation, and then prints it. This is the same behavior as the `%g specifier in @@ -36,9 +37,9 @@ treated as follows when sent to an output stream: - :ref:`ssec:boolean`: Prints T for true, and F for false. -:ref:`Arrays ` print their contents according to the rules above, with square -braces surrounding their elements and with spaces only *between* values. -For example: +:ref:`Arrays ` print their contents according to the rules above, +with square braces surrounding their elements and with spaces only *between* +values. For example: :: @@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ statement. A :ref:`string ` is the sole exception: although a string is a vector of characters, it prints its characters contiguously rather than in bracketed array form, as shown next. -:ref:`Strings ` print their contents as a contiguous sequence of characters. -For example: +:ref:`Strings ` print their contents as a contiguous sequence of +characters. For example: :: @@ -83,15 +84,14 @@ prints the following: [[1 2 3] [4 5 6] [7 8 9]] -No other type may be sent to a stream; the compiler must emit a -``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance, a tuple or a struct -cannot be sent to a stream. A procedure call may not appear as a stream operand at all, -since that is not one of the :ref:`positions in which a procedure call may -appear `; the compiler must emit a -``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -Also, empty arrays and matrices can be sent to streams, but not empty -literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type; sending one must emit -a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +No other type may be sent to a stream; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). For instance, a tuple or a struct cannot be sent to a +stream. A procedure call may not appear as a stream operand at all, since that +is not one of the :ref:`positions in which a procedure call may appear +`; the compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). Also, empty arrays and matrices can be sent to streams, but +not empty literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type; sending one must +emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Note that there is **no automatic new line or spaces printed.** To print a new line, a user must explicitly print the new line or space @@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ Input streams may only work on the following primitive types: - ``integer``: Reads an integer from stdin. If an integer could not be read, an :ref:`error state ` is set on this stream. -- ``real``: Reads a real from stdin. If a real could not be read, an :ref:`error state ` is - set on this stream. +- ``real``: Reads a real from stdin. If a real could not be read, an + :ref:`error state ` is set on this stream. - ``boolean``: Reads a boolean from stdin. If a boolean value could not be read, an :ref:`error state ` is set on this stream. @@ -139,33 +139,35 @@ Input Semantics ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ``std_input`` expects an input stream of values which do not need to be -whitespace separated. A read will consume the stream until a character or -EOF occurs that breaks the pattern match for the given type's specifier. The longest -successful match is returned. +whitespace separated. A read will consume the stream until a character or EOF +occurs that breaks the pattern match for the given type's specifier. The +longest successful match is returned. -In general input stream semantics are designed for parity with ``scanf``. -The only differences are the :ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state`, a boolean specifier -and a restriction on the maximum number of bytes that can be consumed in a single read to 512. +In general input stream semantics are designed for parity with ``scanf``. The +only differences are the :ref:`ssec:builtIn_stream_state`, a boolean specifier +and a restriction on the maximum number of bytes that can be consumed in a +single read to 512. For each of the allowed types the semantics are given below. -Reading a ``character`` from stdin consumes the first byte that can be read from the -stream. If the end of the stream is encountered, then a value of ``-1`` is set. There -is no concept of skipping whitespace for characters, since space and escaped characters -must be readable. +Reading a ``character`` from stdin consumes the first byte that can be read +from the stream. If the end of the stream is encountered, then a value of +``-1`` is set. There is no concept of skipping whitespace for characters, since +space and escaped characters must be readable. An ``integer`` from stdin can take any legal format described in the :ref:`integer literal ` section. It may also be preceded by -a single negative or positive sign. All preceding whitespace before the number or -sign character may be skipped up to the limit imposed by the 512 byte read restriction. +a single negative or positive sign. All preceding whitespace before the number +or sign character may be skipped up to the limit imposed by the 512 byte read +restriction. A ``real`` input from stdin can take any legal format described in the :ref:`real literal ` section with the exception that no whitespace may be present. It may also be preceded by a single negative or positive sign. Preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same way as integers. -A ``boolean`` input from stdin is either ``T`` or ``F``. Preceding whitespace may be -skipped in the same way as integers and reals. +A ``boolean`` input from stdin is either ``T`` or ``F``. Preceding whitespace +may be skipped in the same way as integers and reals. For the following program: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index af83392f..59630030 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -50,10 +50,11 @@ the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): Scalar to Array ----------------------- -A scalar may be explicitly cast to an array of any dimension with an element type that -the original scalar can be explicitly cast to according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. -A scalar to array cast *must* include a size with the type to cast to as this -cannot be inferred from the scalar value. For example: +A scalar may be explicitly cast to an array of any dimension with an element +type that the original scalar can be explicitly cast to according to the rules +in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos`. A scalar to array cast *must* include a size +with the type to cast to as this cannot be inferred from the scalar value. For +example: :: @@ -68,14 +69,14 @@ cannot be inferred from the scalar value. For example: Array to Array ---------------- -Conversions between array types are also possible. First, the -values of the original are cast to the destination type's element type -according to the rules in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos` and then the destination -is padded with destination element type's :term:`zero value` or truncated to match the +Conversions between array types are also possible. First, the values of the +original are cast to the destination type's element type according to the rules +in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_stos` and then the destination is padded with +destination element type's :term:`zero value` or truncated to match the destination type size. Note that a concrete size is not required for array to -array casting: writing the destination element type with an unspecified -length (``[*]``) keeps the old size, so no padding or truncation occurs. -Padding or truncation happens only when a concrete size is given. For example: +array casting: writing the destination element type with an unspecified length +(``[*]``) keeps the old size, so no padding or truncation occurs. Padding or +truncation happens only when a concrete size is given. For example: :: @@ -123,10 +124,10 @@ Array and Vector A :ref:`vector ` participates in ``as<>`` casts on both sides. -- As the **operand** of an array cast, a vector supplies its *current* - length as the source size; the cast then pads with the element type's - :term:`zero value` or truncates to the destination array's stated size, exactly - as in :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov`. +- As the **operand** of an array cast, a vector supplies its *current* length + as the source size; the cast then pads with the element type's :term:`zero + value` or truncates to the destination array's stated size, exactly as in + :ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov`. - As the **destination** type, a ``vector`` takes no size specifier: the result simply has the length of the value being cast, so there is nothing diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst index 996c6b37..a4ee5745 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_qualifiers.rst @@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ compiler must infer the real type. A variable declared in this manner must be var t = (1, 2, 'a', [1, 2, 3]); // tuple(integer, integer, character, integer[3]) const v = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']; // character[4] -See :ref:`sec:typeInference` for a larger description of type inference; this section only -provides the syntax for inference using ``const`` and ``var``. +See :ref:`sec:typeInference` for a larger description of type inference; this +section only provides the syntax for inference using ``const`` and ``var``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types.rst b/gazprea/spec/types.rst index 66404d12..be01b2c2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types.rst @@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ any storable element or field type, including one another. For example a ``vector`` (for a struct type ``S``), a struct with a ``tuple`` field, and a ``tuple(S, integer[3][3])`` are all :term:`well-formed`. -Nesting must be **acyclic** through :term:`value types `. A ``struct`` or ``tuple`` -whose fields, directly or transitively, contain a value of its own type -has no finite size and is :term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must emit a -``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type may, however, refer to -itself *through a* :ref:`vector `, because a vector is -dynamically sized and stored by indirection: +Nesting must be **acyclic** through :term:`value types `. A +``struct`` or ``tuple`` whose fields, directly or transitively, contain a value +of its own type has no finite size and is :term:`ill-formed`; the compiler must +emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type may, however, refer to +itself *through a* :ref:`vector `, because a vector is dynamically +sized and stored by indirection: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index e5197d81..3bbdb5b8 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ Arrays ------ -Arrays are fixed size collections, where each element of the array has -the same type. An array element may be of any -:ref:`storable type `: a -:term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, -``real``, ``character``), or an :term:`aggregate type ` such as a ``struct``, -``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another array (which yields a -higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). +Arrays are fixed size collections, where each element of the array has the same +type. An array element may be of any :ref:`storable type +`: a :term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, +``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), or an :term:`aggregate type ` such as a ``struct``, ``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another +array (which yields a higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). .. _sssec:array_sizing: @@ -54,12 +53,12 @@ Aside from any type specifiers, the element type of the array is the first portion of the declaration. An array is then declared using square brackets immediately after the element type. -If possible, initialization expressions may go through an implicit cast. For instance, when declaring a real array that is -initialized with an integer value the integer will be implicitly cast to a -real value, and then used as a scalar initialization of the array. -Be careful about type inference! If the type of the array is being inferred -from the right hand side, the previous example would create an ``integer`` -array instead of a ``real`` array. +If possible, initialization expressions may go through an implicit cast. For +instance, when declaring a real array that is initialized with an integer value +the integer will be implicitly cast to a real value, and then used as a scalar +initialization of the array. Be careful about type inference! If the type of +the array is being inferred from the right hand side, the previous example +would create an ``integer`` array instead of a ``real`` array. #. Explicit Size Declarations @@ -79,15 +78,17 @@ array instead of a ``real`` array. The size of the array is given by the integer expression between the square brackets. - If the array is given a scalar value (``type-expr``) of the same element type then the - scalar value is duplicated for every single element of the array. + If the array is given a scalar value (``type-expr``) of the same element + type then the scalar value is duplicated for every single element of the + array. - An array may also be initialized with another array. Initialization occurs element-wise, - with the RHS element type's initialization semantics applying from left to right. - If the LHS array is initialized using a RHS array that is too small then the LHS array will - be padded with the element type's :term:`zero value`. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS - array that is too large then the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` - (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. + An array may also be initialized with another array. Initialization occurs + element-wise, with the RHS element type's initialization semantics applying + from left to right. If the LHS array is initialized using a RHS array that + is too small then the LHS array will be padded with the element type's + :term:`zero value`. However, if the LHS array is initialized with a RHS + array that is too large then the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see + :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. #. Inferred Size Declarations diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index 7eb196df..44deb7e1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ represented by an ``i1`` in *MLIR*. Declaration ~~~~~~~~~~~ -A ``boolean`` value is declared with the keyword ``boolean``. -If the variable is not initialized explicitly, it is set to ``false`` (its :term:`zero value`). +A ``boolean`` value is declared with the keyword ``boolean``. If the variable +is not initialized explicitly, it is set to ``false`` (its :term:`zero value`). .. _sssec:boolean_lit: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index d37d44c6..0b74ea3b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -77,7 +77,9 @@ expression. Unary plus always produces the same result as the ``integer`` expression it is applied to. Remainder mirrors the behavior of remainder in *C99*. -Exponentiation between integers gives an ``integer`` result. This is the same behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an ``integer``. +Exponentiation between integers gives an ``integer`` result. This is the same +behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an +``integer``. Signed 32-bit arithmetic that overflows the ``i32`` range (``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``^``) causes the implementation to raise a diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index a5036d4d..d4010234 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ parsed. For example: .42 . // Illegal. -A ``real`` literal can also be created by any valid ``real`` or -``integer`` literal followed by scientific notation indicated by the -character ``e`` or ``E`` and another valid ``integer`` literal. Scientific notation -multiplies the first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`, e.g. -:math:`4.2\mathrm{e}{-3}=4.2 \times10^{-3}`. For example: +A ``real`` literal can also be created by any valid ``real`` or ``integer`` +literal followed by scientific notation indicated by the character ``e`` or +``E`` and another valid ``integer`` literal. Scientific notation multiplies the +first literal by :math:`{10}^{x}`, e.g. :math:`4.2\mathrm{e}{-3}=4.2 +\times10^{-3}`. For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index af7e0906..8e1436d0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -72,24 +72,22 @@ prints: Operations ~~~~~~~~~~ -As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them as -the other array data types. -Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, the -concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine ``string`` values with -``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of -``||`` is a ``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of -character arrays alone yields a character array. At least one operand of -``||`` must be a composite type (a ``string`` or an array); concatenating -two :term:`scalar ` values -- for example -``character || character`` -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`). You may also append a slice of characters to a string -using the append method. -As well, a scalar character may be concatenated onto a string in the same -way as it would be concatenated onto an array of characters. -Note that because ``string`` is a typealias for ``vector``, -concatenation may also be accomplished with the ``append`` and ``push`` -methods (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have exactly the vector -method set): +As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them +as the other array data types. Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a +``vector``, the concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine +``string`` values with ``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). +The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of ``||`` is a +``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of character arrays +alone yields a character array. At least one operand of ``||`` must be a +composite type (a ``string`` or an array); concatenating two :term:`scalar +` values -- for example ``character || character`` -- must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). You may also append a slice of +characters to a string using the append method. As well, a scalar character may +be concatenated onto a string in the same way as it would be concatenated onto +an array of characters. Note that because ``string`` is a typealias for +``vector``, concatenation may also be accomplished with the +``append`` and ``push`` methods (see :ref:`sssec:vec_methods`; strings have +exactly the vector method set): :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index cdfd108c..3d7bb68b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ scope (see :ref:`sec:typealias`); it may not appear inside a function or procedure body, even though a plain struct *definition* may. The combined form below both defines the struct type ``S`` and introduces ``Pair`` as an alias for it: the struct's own name ``S`` remains usable, for example as a literal -constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used in place of the struct's type name in -type positions. It may not, however, be used as a literal constructor. +constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used in place of the struct's type +name in type positions. It may not, however, be used as a literal constructor. :: @@ -122,11 +122,12 @@ the struct type name: struct V (integer i, real r, integer[10] arr) v = V(i: 1, r: 2.1, arr: [i in 1..10 | i]); The fields may be listed in any order, but all fields must be present. The type -of each value must match, or be implicitly castable to (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`), -the type of the corresponding field definition in the struct. A scalar value given -for an array-typed field is implicitly cast to fill the array, following the same -scalar-to-array broadcast rule used for array operations (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`). -Finally, note that the field values may need to be evaluated at :term:`run time`. +of each value must match, or be implicitly castable to (see +:ref:`sec:implicitCasts`), the type of the corresponding field definition in +the struct. A scalar value given for an array-typed field is implicitly cast to +fill the array, following the same scalar-to-array broadcast rule used for +array operations (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`). Finally, note that the field +values may need to be evaluated at :term:`run time`. .. _sssec:struct_ops: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index 7745bbf8..d2358f24 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ Tuples ------ -A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to :ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within a tuple, including arrays of any rank (a matrix is the rank-2 case), ``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams ` may not be stored in a tuple. +A ``tuple`` is a way of grouping multiple values with potentially different +types into an aggregate data structure. Tuples are similar to +:ref:`structs`, except that a tuple's fields are indexed instead +of named. Tuples are often used to return multiple values from a function or +procedure. Any :ref:`storable type ` may be stored within +a tuple, including arrays of any rank (a matrix is the rank-2 case), +``vector``, ``string``, ``struct``, and other ``tuple`` types, nested to any +depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only +:ref:`streams ` may not be stored in a tuple. .. _sssec:tuple_decl: @@ -78,10 +86,11 @@ parentheses in a comma separated list. For example: Operations ~~~~~~~~~~ -The following operations are defined on tuple values. In all of the -usage examples ``tuple-expr`` means some expression yielding tuples with the same type signature, -while ``int_lit`` is an integer literal as defined in :ref:`Integer Literals ` and ``tuple-inst`` is the -name of tuple instance as defined in :ref:`sec:identifiers`. +The following operations are defined on tuple values. In all of the usage +examples ``tuple-expr`` means some expression yielding tuples with the same +type signature, while ``int_lit`` is an integer literal as defined in +:ref:`Integer Literals ` and ``tuple-inst`` is the name of +tuple instance as defined in :ref:`sec:identifiers`. +------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ | **Class** | **Operation** | **Symbol** | **Usage** | @@ -93,18 +102,21 @@ name of tuple instance as defined in :ref:`sec:identifiers`. | | not equals | ``!=`` | ``tuple-expr != tuple-expr`` | +------------+---------------+------------+------------------------------+ -Note that in the above table ``tuple-inst`` always refers to a variable for *Access*. -Accessing a literal could be replaced immediately with the scalar inside the tuple literal, however, ``tuple-expr`` may -refer to a literal in comparison operations to enable shorthand like this: +Note that in the above table ``tuple-inst`` always refers to a variable for +*Access*. Accessing a literal could be replaced immediately with the scalar +inside the tuple literal, however, ``tuple-expr`` may refer to a literal in +comparison operations to enable shorthand like this: :: if ((a, b) == (c, d)) { } -Comparisons are performed pairwise. Two tuples are equal when for every expression pair, the equality operator returns true. -Two tuples are unequal when one or more expression pairs are unequal. Comparing two tuples of different type -signatures must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This table describes how the -comparisons are completed, where ``t1`` and ``t2`` are tuple yielding expressions including literals: +Comparisons are performed pairwise. Two tuples are equal when for every +expression pair, the equality operator returns true. Two tuples are unequal +when one or more expression pairs are unequal. Comparing two tuples of +different type signatures must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +This table describes how the comparisons are completed, where ``t1`` and ``t2`` +are tuple yielding expressions including literals: ============= ========================================= **Operation** **Meaning** @@ -121,9 +133,10 @@ the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. Unpacking ~~~~~~~~~ -Any tuple expression may be assigned (unpacked) into multiple lvalues. If the size of -the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being assigned, the compiler -must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). There is no partial unpacking of tuples. +Any tuple expression may be assigned (unpacked) into multiple lvalues. If the +size of the tuple being unpacked does not match the number of lvalues being +assigned, the compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +There is no partial unpacking of tuples. :: @@ -135,5 +148,5 @@ must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). There is no partial unpack Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To see the types that tuple may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` -and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`, respectively. +To see the types that tuple may be cast and/or implicitly cast to, see the +sections on :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`, respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 869d6d28..c17dac85 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -41,13 +41,12 @@ the literals ``<`` and ``>`` are used in the declaration) Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size specifier, often called *capacity* in other languages. -The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any -:ref:`storable type `: a -:term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, +The element type ``T`` of a ``vector`` may be any :ref:`storable type +`: a :term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, ``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), an array of any rank (a matrix is the -rank-2 case), a ``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — nested to -any depth. Only a :ref:`stream ` may not be stored. Below -are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. +rank-2 case), a ``string``, a ``tuple``, a ``struct``, or another ``vector`` — +nested to any depth. Only a :ref:`stream ` may not be stored. +Below are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. :: @@ -146,16 +145,17 @@ As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` The methods are: -- ``push(T)`` (procedure) - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, where ``T`` is the element type of the vector +- ``push(T)`` (procedure) - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, + where ``T`` is the element type of the vector - ``len()`` (function) - number of elements in the vector -- ``append(x)`` (procedure) - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element type: - if ``x`` is a single value implicitly castable to ``T`` it is cast to +- ``append(x)`` (procedure) - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element + type: if ``x`` is a single value implicitly castable to ``T`` it is cast to ``T`` and appended as a single element; otherwise ``x`` must be an array - whose elements are each implicitly castable to ``T``, and its elements - are appended in order. When both readings apply, the single-element - reading is used. + whose elements are each implicitly castable to ``T``, and its elements are + appended in order. When both readings apply, the single-element reading is + used. :: From 14477cb7f0ea5edba9eb1fa1837cc350037d0424 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sir-NoChill <75157131+Sir-NoChill@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 15:03:34 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 58/84] style(gazprea): multi-line term --- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 3bbdb5b8..a630a029 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ Arrays Arrays are fixed size collections, where each element of the array has the same type. An array element may be of any :ref:`storable type `: a :term:`primitive type ` (``boolean``, -``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), or an :term:`aggregate type ` such as a ``struct``, ``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another +``integer``, ``real``, ``character``), or an +:term:`aggregate type ` +such as a ``struct``, ``tuple``, ``vector``, ``string``, or another array (which yields a higher-rank array; see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). .. _sssec:array_sizing: From 25298643a2ef549d93b34e2b5968d7a05d23e6ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sir-NoChill <75157131+Sir-NoChill@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 15:04:19 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 59/84] style(gazprea): clarify contiguous blob for n-d array --- gazprea/spec/types.rst | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types.rst b/gazprea/spec/types.rst index be01b2c2..6bdddcc2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types.rst @@ -56,4 +56,6 @@ sized and stored by indirection: *Implementation.* Nested aggregates are laid out and accessed structurally (a chain of ``getelementptr`` in the LLVM dialect); the vector at a recursion boundary is the sole point of indirection. Flat, - non-nested sequences continue to lower through the tensor/linalg path. + non-nested sequences continue to lower through the tensor/linalg path, + and should be implemented as contiguous blobs of memory, not lists of + lists or structs of arrays pointing to arrays. From 3ad7dfbf33d5947d43d11ad80e843db2f11ddb0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sir-NoChill <75157131+Sir-NoChill@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 15:05:03 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 60/84] style(gazprea): clarify -ffast-math behaviour --- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 15 ++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index 0b74ea3b..83fcd8f4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -83,16 +83,21 @@ behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an Signed 32-bit arithmetic that overflows the ``i32`` range (``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``^``) causes the implementation to raise a -``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The sole exception is the -``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under which integer overflow is -undefined behavior -- the only construct whose behavior *Gazprea* -leaves undefined, provided solely for performance testing. - +``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Division and remainder (``%``) where the right operand is ``0``, and exponentiation where the base is ``0`` and the exponent is ``<= 0``, cause the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. +The sole exception is under the mandatory +``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under which integer overflow, +divide by 0, mod 0, exponentiation of base 0 and exponentiation where +the exponent is <= 0 is +undefined behavior. This is the only construct where *Gazprea* +leaves behaviour undefined and is solely provided for performance + testing. + + Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. From ce82fc942a62c57d34ab4e673a1ea69de6732ab8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sir-NoChill <75157131+Sir-NoChill@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2026 15:05:17 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 61/84] style(gazprea): multi-line term --- gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index 44deb7e1..850fdcdc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ Therefore, both the left hand side and right hand side of an expression must always be evaluated. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all -types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence -`. +types, in the +:ref:`table of operator precedence `. Type Casting and Implicit Casts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ From c3192f0b24626c1c6d375d7b79e7b03ff88de802 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:06:13 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 62/84] docs(gazprea): resolve consolidated-review spec ambiguities Address the ambiguities and inconsistencies found in the spec review, per the maintainer's inline decisions. Highlights: - reals always follow IEEE 754 (Inf/NaN are never a MathError, and -ffast-math has no effect on them); with a NaN operand every affirmative comparison is false and != is true - ** generalized to a single-axis contraction for arrays of any rank (dot product at rank 1, matrix multiplication at rank 2) - concatenation (||) always yields an array (vector/string-ness is not propagated) and is now left-associative - operator precedence: .. lowered below the arithmetic operators and unary +/-/not lowered below exponentiation - const vectors/strings are constexpr-eligible (equivalent to an array the size of their initializer), so they are legal as globals - characters are unordered and cast to integer/real as unsigned bytes - scalar ** matrix broadcast restricted to square operands only - error-type clarifications: uninferable type, empty-literal inference, dot-on-non-variable, missing return, boolean-array conditions, procedure-call-as-argument, wrong-type return normalized to TypeError Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/impl/errors.rst | 41 ++++++++++++------- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 13 +++++- gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst | 16 +++++--- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 12 +++++- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 27 ++++++++++--- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 8 ++++ gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 33 ++++++++------- gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst | 4 ++ gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst | 16 ++++++-- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 25 +++++++++++- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 26 ++++++++++-- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 9 ++++- gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst | 8 +++- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 39 ++++++++++++++++-- gazprea/spec/types/character.rst | 16 +++++++- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 9 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 32 +++++++++++---- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 18 ++++++--- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 14 ++++--- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 11 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 8 +++- 23 files changed, 408 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst index 93c8161a..3ab4e9b3 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst @@ -103,16 +103,18 @@ Here are the compile-time errors your compiler must throw: Raised during compilation if the program detects a function or procedure with a return value that does not have a return statement reachable by all control flows. Control flow constructs may be assumed to always be undecidable, - meaning they may branch in either direction. - - If the subroutine has a ``return`` statement with a type that does not - match the owning subroutine's type, the line number of the ``return`` - statement should be reported, along with the name and (correct) type of the - enclosing routine. - - Note also that, strictly speaking, this is a type error, not a return error. - If the procedure/function is missing a ``return`` statement, then the line - number of the subroutine declaration should be printed instead. + meaning they may branch in either direction. When the subroutine is missing + a reachable ``return`` statement, the line number of the subroutine + declaration should be printed. + + A ``return`` statement whose value's type does not match, and cannot be + implicitly cast to, the owning subroutine's return type is normalized as a + ``TypeError`` (see the ``TypeError`` entry above and :ref:`sec:statements`), + **not** a ``ReturnError``; the line number of the ``return`` statement + should be reported, along with the name and (correct) type of the enclosing + routine. (The tester is lenient about the exact error name here -- it + checks only for the substring "Error" and the line -- as noted at the end + of this chapter.) * ``GlobalError`` @@ -226,21 +228,30 @@ More Examples :: /* Indexes */ - character[3] v = ['a', 'b', 'c']; // Indexing is harder than it looks! + var character[3] v = ['a', 'b', 'c']; // Indexing is harder than it looks! integer i = 10; - v(3) = 'X'; // SyntaxError + v(3) = 'X'; // SyntaxError: a call expression cannot be an assignment target v[i] = '?'; // Runtime error v['a'] = '!'; // TypeError i[1] = 1; // TypeError /* Tuples */ tuple (integer, integer) a = (9, 5); - integer b; - integer c; - integer d; + var integer b; + var integer c; + var integer d; b, c, d = a; // AssignError tuple(integer, integer, integer) z = a; // TypeError +``v(3) = 'X'`` is a ``SyntaxError`` because ``v(3)`` parses as a *call* +expression, and a call expression cannot appear on the left-hand side of an +assignment; the malformed assignment target is rejected at parse time, before +any type checking. (Indexing uses square brackets, ``v[3]``.) The ``b, c, d`` +are declared ``var`` so that ``b, c, d = a;`` is purely the intended arity +mismatch (three lvalues, a two-field tuple) rather than also an assignment to +``const`` values -- both are ``AssignError``\ s, but the example is meant to +isolate the arity case. + How to Write an Error Test Case ------------------------------- diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 8e75ff20..bb9a2bb5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -15,6 +15,13 @@ the built-in, and the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). These names are reserved semantically rather than being syntactic :ref:`keywords `. +The :ref:`vector/string method ` names (``push``, +``append``, ``len``), by contrast, are **not** reserved. They live in a method +namespace associated with the compiler-defined ``vector`` object -- reachable +only after a ``.`` on a ``vector`` receiver -- and so do not collide with the +global identifier namespace. A user may freely declare, say, a ``function +len()`` or a variable named ``push``. + Note that although the examples below all use arrays, the array-shaped built-ins (``length``, ``reverse``) also work on :ref:`vectors ` and :ref:`strings `, using @@ -86,7 +93,11 @@ Reverse ------- The reverse built-in takes any single-dimensional array, vector, or string, and -returns a reversed version of it. +returns a reversed *array*. Even when the argument is a vector or string, the +result is an array value -- vector-ness (string-ness) is not preserved, just as +for the element-wise operators (see :ref:`sssec:vec_ops`). The resulting array +may of course be implicitly cast back to a vector or string when stored into +one. :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst index 4bd28f25..a2db905f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst @@ -95,11 +95,17 @@ allowing them to be used to define other constants. 1. Its size is a valid ``constexpr``. 2. All of its element initializers are valid ``constexpr``\ s. - A ``vector`` (the resizable type) can never be a ``constexpr`` - aggregate, since its length can change at run time; because ``string`` - is a strong-equivalence alias for ``vector`` (see - :ref:`ssec:string`), the same exclusion applies to ``string``. An - inferred-size array such + A ``var`` ``vector`` can never be a ``constexpr`` aggregate, since its + length can change at run time. A ``const`` vector, however, cannot grow -- + its mutating methods (``push``/``append``) require a ``var`` receiver -- so + a ``const`` vector whose initializer is itself a ``constexpr`` *is* a + ``constexpr``, equivalent to a ``const`` array whose length is that of its + initializer (or the empty array, if the ``const`` vector is declared without + an initializer). Because + ``string`` is a strong-equivalence alias for ``vector`` (see + :ref:`ssec:string`), the same holds for ``string``: for example + ``const vector v = [1, 2, 3];`` and ``const string s = "hi";`` are + ``constexpr``\ s. An inferred-size array such as ``integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` is a ``constexpr`` when its initializer is; ``[*]`` denotes a size inferred once, at :term:`initialization`, not a resizable one (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). An array whose size or diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index f797a1a8..6be246eb 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ following formats: :: - [] [= ]; + [] [] [= ]; A declaration creates a variable with an :ref:`identifier ` of ````, with :ref:`type ` ````, and optionally a @@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ or *immutable*, respectively. In *Gazprea* it is important to remember that if the optional qualifier is omitted the default is ``const``, i.e. variables are immutable by default (normative statement in :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). +Both ```` and ```` are optional, but **at least one must be +present** so that the declaration can be told apart from an assignment. When +```` is elided it is inferred from ````, which must therefore +be present and have an inferable type; if the type cannot be inferred the +compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:typeInference` and +:ref:`sec:errors`). When ```` is elided it defaults to ``const`` as +described above. + Optionally, a declaration may explicitly initialize the value of the new variable with the value of ````. @@ -32,7 +40,7 @@ variable is ever observable in an uninitialized state. When the programmer omits the explicit initializer, the compiler implicitly initializes the variable to the :term:`zero value` of its type. The zero value is ``0`` for ``integer``, ``0.0`` for ``real``, -``false`` for ``boolean``, ``' '`` (a space) for ``character``, the +``false`` for ``boolean``, ``'\0'`` (the null character) for ``character``, the empty collection (e.g. the empty string ``""``) for a ``vector`` or ``string``, and, for a fixed-size :term:`aggregate type ` (array, matrix, tuple, or struct), each element or field set to its own diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 8239db10..4e36a732 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ override it by grouping their contents into a new atom. +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 2 | ``[]`` (indexing) | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 3 | ``..`` | N/A | +| 3 | ``^`` | right | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 4 | unary ``+``, unary ``-``, ``not`` | right | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 5 | ``^`` | right | +| 5 | ``*``\ , ``/``\ , ``%``, ``**`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 6 | ``*``\ , ``/``\ , ``%``, ``**`` | left | +| 6 | ``+``\ , ``-`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| 7 | ``+``\ , ``-`` | left | +| 7 | ``..`` | N/A | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 8 | ``<``\ , ``>``\ , ``<=``\ , ``>=`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ @@ -41,9 +41,26 @@ override it by grouping their contents into a new atom. +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 11 | ``or``\ , ``xor`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| (Lowest) 12 | ``||`` | right | +| (Lowest) 12 | ``||`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ +The stream operators ``->`` and ``<-`` are statement-level operators, not +expression operators, so they do not appear in the table above. They bind more +loosely than every operator listed -- effectively the very bottom of the +precedence relation -- so an entire expression is evaluated before it is sent +to or read from a stream (see :ref:`sec:streams`). + +Two consequences of this table are worth calling out, because both changed +how computed ranges parse: + +- Unary ``+``/``-``/``not`` (precedence 4) bind *looser* than exponentiation + ``^`` (precedence 3), so ``-2^2`` parses as ``-(2^2) = -4`` (as in ordinary + mathematics), not ``(-2)^2``. + +- The range operator ``..`` (precedence 7) binds *looser* than every unary and + arithmetic operator, so ``-4..5`` parses as ``(-4)..5`` and ``1..n-1`` parses + as ``1..(n-1)`` -- the bounds are computed first, then the range is formed. + .. _ssec:expressions_generators: Generators diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 509eca00..1d8d98f0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -240,6 +240,14 @@ receives, since a ``const`` parameter cannot be assigned to at all. A function that assigns to one of its parameters must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Because every function parameter is ``const``, an array :ref:`slice +` passed to a function is necessarily received through a +``const`` parameter and so cannot write through to its backing array. A +function therefore can never observe or cause a change to a slice's backing +storage, which makes passing a slice by value (a copy) semantically equivalent +to passing the view -- the distinction that matters for procedures (below) does +not arise for functions. + .. _ssec:function_namespacing: Function Namespacing diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index c91842c2..b0faeb10 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ Valid global :term:`scope` :term:`statements ` include: * Typealias All global statements are considered :term:`declarations `. -Global statements need not be written in dependency order, subject to one -rule: any symbol a global statement references must already be defined -earlier in the file. Function and procedure prototypes lift this rule for -calls, since a prototype lets a later definition be referenced before it -textually appears. +Global statements must be written in **dependency order**: any symbol a global +statement references must already be defined earlier in the file. The one +exception is calls to functions and procedures, for which a forward +:ref:`prototype ` lets a later definition be +referenced before it textually appears. A statement other than a declaration at global scope -- an assignment, an ``if``, a loop, or a bare expression -- must emit a ``GlobalError`` (see @@ -41,15 +41,20 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables * Functions, procedures, and I/O operations may not appear in a global's initializer. -* A global may not have a ``vector`` type (the dynamically-sized type), - because a vector's size is determined at :term:`run time`. Because - :ref:`string ` is a typealias for ``vector``, a - global may not have a ``string`` type either (so - ``const string s = "hi";`` at global scope is a ``GlobalError``). An - inferred-size array such as ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` *is* - permitted: ``[*]`` denotes an inferred size that is fixed by its - ``constexpr`` initializer at compile time - (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). +* A global ``vector`` or ``string`` is permitted only when it is ``const`` + with a ``constexpr`` initializer -- which, since every global is already + ``const`` (see above), is the same requirement placed on every other + global. Because a ``const`` vector cannot grow (its mutating methods + ``push``/``append`` require a ``var`` receiver), its length is fixed at + compile time, so a ``const`` vector is equivalent to an array the size of + its initializer (or the empty array, if it is declared without an + initializer). Consequently ``const string s = "hi";`` and + ``const vector v = [1, 2, 3];`` are legal globals. (A ``var`` + vector global is still rejected, but for the independent reason that no + global may be ``var``.) An inferred-size array such as + ``const integer[*] X = [1, 2, 3]`` is likewise permitted: ``[*]`` denotes + an inferred size that is fixed by its ``constexpr`` initializer at compile + time (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). * All globals are implicitly ``constexpr``. The compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for any diff --git a/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst b/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst index 778eefc9..d72f87f5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/identifiers.rst @@ -31,3 +31,7 @@ They begin with a number, contain invalid characters, or are a keyword: *Gazprea* imposes no restrictions on the length of identifiers. +*Gazprea* identifiers are **case-sensitive**: two identifiers that differ +only in the case of one or more letters are distinct. For example, ``a`` and +``A`` name two different variables, as do ``value`` and ``Value``. + diff --git a/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst index f76df331..3ae63b01 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst @@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ value of type "From type" is converted to type "toType" using semantics from | | real | N/A | N/A | N/A | id | +----------+-----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------------+ +Because ``character`` and ``integer`` are N/A in both directions, there is no +implicit cast between them. A direct consequence is that ``character`` values +are **not orderable**: the relational operators ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, ``>=`` +are undefined on characters, and ordering them requires an explicit +``as(...)`` cast (see :ref:`ssec:character` and :ref:`sec:typeCasting`). + .. _ssec:implicitCasts_stoa: Scalar to Array @@ -99,9 +105,13 @@ Note that an array can never be cast down to a scalar, even explicitly. Also note that matrix multiply imposes strict requirements on the dimensionality of the operands. The consequence is that, *as an operand of matrix multiplication* (``**``), a scalar can only be implicitly cast to a -matrix when the other operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`). In -element-wise operations and initializations a scalar is implicitly cast to -a matrix of any dimensions. +matrix when the other operand is a square matrix (:math:`m \times m`): the +scalar is then broadcast (filled) into an :math:`m \times m` matrix whose every +element equals the scalar. For higher-rank arrays this generalizes only to +hypercubes with all extents equal; *Gazprea* provides no comprehensive +broadcasting, so a scalar cannot be broadcast to a non-square matrix operand of +``**`` at all. In element-wise operations and initializations a scalar is +implicitly cast to an array (or matrix) of any dimensions. .. _ssec:implicitCasts_ttot: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 0d53c9a4..55496eda 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -32,6 +32,17 @@ A procedure call may appear only in one of three positions: This is the single authoritative list of those positions. A procedure call may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. +Argument position is deliberately **not** on this list: a procedure call may +not appear as an argument to another call -- neither to a procedure call nor to +a function call. Nesting a procedure call as an argument, as in ``call +foo(p())`` or ``f(p())`` where ``p()`` is a procedure call, is +:term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`); assign the inner call's result to a temporary and pass that +instead. Only procedure calls are restricted this way -- a *function* call +carries no such restriction and may be nested freely as an argument (subject to +the usual rule that a procedure argument may itself be a function call, but not +a procedure call). + When a procedure call appears in one of these positions, the only operations that may be applied to its result are unary operators and :ref:`casts `. The result may additionally not be used in the @@ -62,7 +73,10 @@ procedures. For example, the following code is :term:`ill-formed`: If a returns clause is present, then a return statement must be reached by all possible control flows in the procedure before the end of the -procedure is encountered. For instance: +procedure is encountered; if control can reach the end of the body without +executing a ``return``, the compiler must emit a ``ReturnError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`), exactly as for :ref:`functions `. For +instance: :: @@ -304,6 +318,15 @@ Slices can be used wherever arrays are declared as parameters (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). Unlike functions, an array parameter of a procedure may be ``var``, allowing the array or slice passed to it to be modified. +Procedures follow the usual ``var``-is-reference, ``const``-is-value +convention, with array slices as the subtle case. A slice passed to a +``const`` parameter cannot modify its backing storage through that slice, so +passing it by value is semantically fine. A slice is a *view*, however, so if +some ``var`` reference to the same backing store mutates it during the call, +the slice must reflect that change -- a requirement this version of the +specification does not fully pin down. A dedicated slice type and a ``splat`` +operator are planned for a future revision to make these semantics precise. + .. _ssec:procedure_mutation: Mutating Array and Vector Parameters diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index bf8bc120..27eba72a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -134,7 +134,10 @@ or the tuple's fields must be able to be implicitly cast to the variable's type. The number of variables in the comma separated list must match the number of fields in the tuple, if this is not the case the compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This -assignment is performed left-to-right. +assignment is performed left-to-right. The entire right-hand side is, however, +fully evaluated into a temporary *before* any left-hand-side variable is +written; this is what lets a swap such as ``z, y = (y, z);`` behave as expected +even though the individual writes then happen left-to-right. Assignments and initializations must perform a deep copy. It should not be possible to cause the aliasing of memory locations with an @@ -159,6 +162,17 @@ The above is a simple example using arrays. You must ensure that values cannot be aliased with an assignment between any types, including arrays and tuples. +The one exception is an :ref:`array slice `, which is +deliberately a *view* over its backing array rather than a copy. Binding a +slice, as in ``const b = a[1..3];``, aliases the backing array's elements, and +writing through a mutable slice writes through to that array; this is the sole +construct that aliases through an assignment or initialization. Every other +assignment or initialization -- whole arrays, tuples, and structs alike -- +deep-copies, so, for example, creating a new struct copies the right-hand side +and never aliases it through indexing. (This slice exception is expected to be +revised in a future version of the specification, alongside a dedicated slice +type.) + Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is :term:`ill-formed`. The compiler must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) when this is @@ -221,6 +235,11 @@ then the body is executed. If the conditional expression evaluates to false then the body of the if statement is not executed. If statements in *Gazprea* require the conditional expression to be enclosed in parentheses. +The conditional expression must be a **scalar** ``boolean``. Supplying a +non-boolean value, or a boolean *array* such as ``if ([true, false])``, is a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The same requirement applies to the +control expression of a :ref:`predicated loop `. + :: integer x = 0; @@ -304,6 +323,18 @@ Now if ``x`` does not have a value of 3, ``y`` is assigned a value of Loop ---- +*Gazprea* has a single ``loop`` keyword that forms four loop variants, all +valid: + +- an **infinite loop** -- ``loop `` with no control expression; +- a **pre-predicated** (``while``-style) loop -- + ``loop while () ``; +- a **post-predicated** (``do``-``while``-style) loop -- + ``loop while ();``; +- an **iterator** (``for``-style) loop -- ``loop in ``. + +Each variant is described below. + .. _sssec:statements_inf_Loop: Infinite Loop @@ -367,6 +398,20 @@ semicolon. /* Since the conditional is tested after the execution '10' is printed */ loop x -> std_output; while (x == 0); +The body may equally be a block statement; the trailing ``while`` and its +required semicolon are what distinguish a post-predicated loop from a plain +:ref:`infinite loop ` over a block: + +:: + + var integer x = 0; + + /* Prints 1 to 10; the condition is tested after each pass */ + loop { + x = x + 1; + x -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; + } while (x < 10); + .. _sssec:statements_iter_loop: Iterator Loop @@ -505,6 +550,13 @@ function/procedure call. If the value is neither, the compiler must emit a return x * x; } +A :ref:`function `, and a :ref:`procedure ` that +has a ``returns`` clause, must return a value on **every** control-flow path. +If control can reach the end of the body without executing a ``return``, the +program is :term:`ill-formed` and the compiler must emit a ``ReturnError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`); see :ref:`sec:function` and :ref:`sec:procedure` for +the full rule and examples. + If a procedure has no ``returns`` clause, then it has no return type and a ``return`` statement is not required but may still be present in order to return early. In this case return is used as follows: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index a5032909..9641941a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -91,7 +91,19 @@ is not one of the :ref:`positions in which a procedure call may appear `; the compiler must emit a ``CallError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Also, empty arrays and matrices can be sent to streams, but not empty literals (e.g. ``[]``), because they have no type; sending one must -emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A *typed* empty array prints as an +empty pair of brackets: + +:: + + integer[*] empty = []; + empty -> std_output; + +prints the following: + +:: + + [] Note that there is **no automatic new line or spaces printed.** To print a new line, a user must explicitly print the new line or space @@ -222,9 +234,15 @@ either be successfully read, or the end of the stream will be reached: the read then yields the ``character`` whose 8-bit value is ``-1`` (i.e. ``as(-1)``) and sets state 2. -When an error occurs, the :term:`zero value` for the type being read (see the -Return column of the table below) is assigned and the input stream -remains pointing to the same position as before the read occurred. +When a read sets error state ``1`` -- which is possible only for ``boolean``, +``integer``, and ``real`` (a ``character`` read never sets state ``1``) -- the +:term:`zero value` for the type being read is assigned to the target, the +implicit ``stream_state`` is set to ``1``, and the input stream remains +pointing to the same position as before the read occurred. Reaching the end of +the stream (state ``2``) instead assigns the value from the Return column of the +table below -- the type's zero value for ``boolean``/``integer``/``real``, and +``-1`` (``as(-1)``) for a ``character`` -- and sets ``stream_state`` +to ``2``. The program below demonstrates 4 reads which set the error states 1,0,0,2 respectively. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index 59630030..dd3c9838 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -38,13 +38,20 @@ the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ | | boolean | id | '\\0' if false, 0x01 otherwise | 1 if true, 0 otherwise | 1.0 if true, 0.0 otherwise | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ -| **From** | character | false if '\\0', true otherwise | id | *ASCII* value as integer | *ASCII* value as real | +| **From** | character | false if '\\0', true otherwise | id | unsigned byte (0-255) | unsigned byte (0-255) | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ | **type** | integer | false if 0, true otherwise | unsigned integer value mod 256 | id | real version of integer | | +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ | | real | N/A | N/A | truncate | id | +----------+-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ +A ``character`` is interpreted as an **unsigned** byte when cast to a numeric +type, so ``character`` to ``integer`` (or ``real``) yields a value in ``0`` to +``255`` -- for example ``as('\xFF')`` is ``255``, not ``-1``. This is +the inverse of the ``integer`` to ``character`` rule (the unsigned value taken +mod 256). For printable *ASCII* characters (``0`` to ``127``) this is exactly +the *ASCII* code. + .. _ssec:typeCasting_stovm: Scalar to Array diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst index 5c0ec319..ced7e891 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_inference.rst @@ -45,10 +45,16 @@ present: integer x = 2; // defaults to const - legal var x = 2; // infers integer - legal x = 2; // assignment to undeclared x - illegal - var x; // can't infer type - illegal + var x; // can't infer type - illegal (TypeError) integer x; // const integer initialized to 0 - legal Since neither the qualifier nor the type is present, ``x = 2;`` cannot be parsed as a declaration and is instead an assignment; because ``x`` has not been previously declared, the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +The declaration ``var x;`` is :term:`ill-formed` for a different reason: the +qualifier is present, so it *is* parsed as a declaration, but with the type +elided the compiler must infer it from an initializer -- and none is given. +Because the type cannot be resolved, the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index a630a029..fea52006 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -165,6 +165,15 @@ array has a length of zero permanently; it is not an "empty, growable" array. A :ref:`vector ` declared without an initializer also starts empty, but *can* subsequently grow. +Note that the empty array literal ``[]`` carries no element type of its own, so +the element type must come from context (the declared type, as in +``real[*] v = []`` above). A declaration that elides the type and asks the +compiler to infer it from an empty literal -- such as ``var v = [];`` -- is +:term:`ill-formed`, because the element type cannot be deduced; the compiler +must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The same holds anywhere a +bare ``[]`` appears without a type to fix its element type (see also +:ref:`ssec:typeCasting_vtov` and :ref:`ssec:expressions_dom_expr`). + .. _sssec:array_vs_vector: Arrays Versus Vectors @@ -281,9 +290,15 @@ Operations Two rank-1 arrays with the same size and a numeric element type (types with the ``+`` and ``*`` operators) may be used in a dot - product operation using the ``**`` operator. For rank-2 arrays - (matrices), ``**`` instead performs matrix multiplication; see - :ref:`ssec:matrix`. For instance: + product operation using the ``**`` operator. The two operands must + have the same size; if they do not, the compiler must emit a + ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or + :term:`run time`. The dot product is the rank-1 case of a single rule: + ``**`` is defined for numeric arrays of any rank as the linear-algebra + contraction of the last dimension of the left operand with the first + dimension of the right operand, so the rank-2 case is matrix + multiplication. See :ref:`ssec:matrix` for the general definition and its + ``SizeError``. For instance: :: @@ -441,6 +456,19 @@ Operations The ``!=`` operation also produces a boolean instead of a boolean array. The result is the logical negation of the result of the ``==`` operator. + Only ``==`` and ``!=`` collapse to a single boolean in this way. The + *ordering* comparisons ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, and ``>=`` follow the ordinary + element-wise rule: applied between two arrays of the same size they produce + a ``boolean`` array (a bitmask) of that size, whose element ``k`` is the + comparison of the two operands' element ``k``. As with any element-wise + binary operation, a size mismatch is a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) + and a scalar operand is first broadcast to the array's size. For example: + + :: + + [1, 5, 3] < [2, 2, 2] // results in [true, false, false] + [1, 2, 3] <= 2 // results in [true, true, false] + Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. @@ -528,6 +556,11 @@ element); a bound outside that range is an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`), at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`, exactly as for a single-element index. +A slice whose (in-bounds) left bound is greater than its right bound, such as +``a[4..2]``, is **not** an error: like a range value with a negative difference +(see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`), it simply selects no elements and yields an empty +array of ``a``'s element type. + A slice of a mutable (``var``) array is an :term:`lvalue`; used in a parameter call or on the left side of an assignment, it allows modification of the backing array, as in the following example. A slice of a ``const`` diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst index 33a6a9cd..cea5336a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst @@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ Character --------- -A ``character`` is a signed 8-bit value. A ``character`` can be -represented by an ``i8`` in *MLIR*. +A ``character`` is an 8-bit value. A ``character`` can be +represented by an ``i8`` in *MLIR*. When a ``character`` is cast to +``integer`` or ``real`` its bit pattern is interpreted as an *unsigned* byte, +so its numeric value ranges from ``0`` to ``255`` (for example ``'\xFF'`` casts +to ``255``, not ``-1``); see :ref:`sec:typeCasting`. .. _sssec:character_decl: @@ -72,6 +75,15 @@ The following operations are defined between ``character`` values. | | not equals | ``!=`` | ``character != character`` | +------------+---------------+------------+----------------------------+ +``character`` values are **not orderable**: the relational operators ``<``, +``>``, ``<=``, and ``>=`` are not defined on characters (only ``==`` and +``!=`` are), and there is no implicit cast between ``character`` and +``integer`` (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`). Applying a relational operator to +characters is therefore a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). To order +characters -- for example to test ``'a' <= c and c <= 'z'`` -- explicitly cast +each operand to ``integer`` with ``as(...)`` (see +:ref:`sec:typeCasting`), which yields the character's unsigned byte value. + :term:`Scalar ` values with type ``character`` may be concatenated onto values of type ``string`` or arrays with type ``character``. See :ref:`sssec:string_ops` for the full concatenation diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index 83fcd8f4..986fd666 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -82,8 +82,11 @@ behavior as performing exponentiation on reals then truncating to an ``integer``. Signed 32-bit arithmetic that overflows the ``i32`` range (``+``, -``-``, ``*``, ``^``) causes the implementation to raise a -``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``^``, and unary ``-``) causes the implementation to +raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This includes the two overflow +cases that arise from ``/`` and unary negation specifically: ``INT_MIN / -1`` +and ``-INT_MIN``, whose mathematical results are not representable as an +``i32``. Division and remainder (``%``) where the right operand is ``0``, and exponentiation where the base is ``0`` and the exponent is ``<= 0``, cause the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see @@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ divide by 0, mod 0, exponentiation of base 0 and exponentiation where the exponent is <= 0 is undefined behavior. This is the only construct where *Gazprea* leaves behaviour undefined and is solely provided for performance - testing. +testing. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 9729e33d..2b014260 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ Matrices any :ref:`storable type `. A *matrix* is the rank-2 case, and this section describes it in full; higher-rank arrays follow the same construction, indexing, and element-wise operation rules, generalized -to ``k`` index positions. The rank-2 operators discussed below (matrix -multiplication, ``rows``, and ``columns``) are defined on matrices -specifically; their generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a -future revision of this specification. +to ``k`` index positions. The ``rows`` and ``columns`` built-ins discussed +below are defined on matrices (rank-2 arrays) specifically; their +generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a future revision of this +specification. Matrix multiplication (``**``), by contrast, is defined for +arrays of **any** rank, as described in :ref:`sssec:matrix_ops`. .. _sssec:matrix_decl: @@ -71,11 +72,15 @@ Also matrices can be initialized with a :term:`scalar ` value. Initializing with a scalar value makes every element of the matrix equal to the scalar. -Gazprea supports empty matrices. +Gazprea supports empty matrices. A rank-2 array initialized from the empty +literal ``[]`` is the empty rank-2 array, written ``[[]]``: :: - integer[*][*] m = []; /* m == [], an empty matrix */ + integer[*][*] m = []; /* m == [[]], an empty rank-2 array */ + +Like an empty 1-D array, an empty matrix has its (zero) dimensions fixed at +:term:`initialization` and is not growable. .. _sssec:matrix_ops: @@ -100,15 +105,36 @@ types, and the dimensions of the matrices must be valid for performing matrix multiplication. When the two operands have differing element types (e.g. ``integer ** real``), each element is implicitly cast to a common type (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`) before multiplication, just as for element-wise -binary operations. When one operand of ``**`` is a scalar, it may only be -implicitly cast to a matrix operand of matrix multiplication when the other -operand is a square matrix; see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. +binary operations. When one operand of ``**`` is a scalar it can be broadcast to a matrix operand +of matrix multiplication **only if the other operand is a square matrix**: a +scalar ``s`` paired with an :math:`n \times n` matrix is filled into an +:math:`n \times n` matrix whose every element is ``s`` before the +multiplication. If the other operand is not square the scalar cannot be +broadcast and the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Scalars broadcast this way only to square matrices (and, for higher-rank +arrays, to hypercubes whose extents are all equal); *Gazprea* does **not** +provide comprehensive broadcasting. See :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +More generally, ``**`` is defined for numeric arrays of **any** rank as the +single-axis contraction familiar from linear algebra: the **last** dimension of +the left operand is contracted with the **first** dimension of the right +operand. Writing the left operand as a rank-:math:`a` array ``A`` and the right +operand as a rank-:math:`b` array ``B``, the last extent of ``A`` must equal +the first extent of ``B`` -- otherwise the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`) -- and the result ``C`` has rank :math:`a + b - 2`, +given by +:math:`C[i_1 \ldots i_{a-1},\, k_2 \ldots k_b] = \sum_j A[i_1 \ldots i_{a-1},\, j] \cdot B[j,\, k_2 \ldots k_b]`. +The rank-1-with-rank-1 case is therefore the :ref:`dot product +` (a scalar) and the rank-2-with-rank-2 case is the matrix +multiplication described above; both are instances of the one contraction rule, +which corresponds directly to the contraction operations already available in +*MLIR*. + The number of rows and columns in a matrix is given by the built-in functions ``rows`` and ``columns``; see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_rows_cols` for their full definition. @@ -137,6 +163,25 @@ As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices must emit an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. +Because a matrix is an array of arrays, every index position accepts the same +forms as a 1-D array index (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`): a single integer +selects one element along that dimension, and a range written directly in an +index position selects a contiguous run along that dimension (a slice, with the +same inclusive-left, exclusive-right bounds and view semantics as for 1-D +arrays). Multi-dimensional indexing and slicing therefore follow the same +pattern as 1-D arrays, applied per index position: a single row index ``M[i]`` +selects a whole row (a rank-1 array), ``M[i][j]`` selects one element, and a +range such as ``M[1..3]`` selects a contiguous band of rows (a sub-matrix). +Higher-rank arrays generalize this to ``k`` index positions. + +:: + + integer[*][*] M = [[11, 12, 13], [21, 22, 23], [31, 32, 33]]; + + /* M[2] == [21, 22, 23] (a whole row) */ + /* M[1..3] == [[11,12,13],[21,22,23]] (rows 1 and 2) */ + /* M[1..3][2] == [12, 22] (column 2 of those rows) */ + Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index d4010234..26468382 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -59,14 +59,30 @@ Floating-point operations are equivalent to :ref:`integer operations The ``%`` operator is defined on ``real`` operands as the decimal remainder, e.g. ``6.77 % 4.21 == 2.56``. -Under normal evaluation, real arithmetic that overflows the finite ``real`` -range, and real division or ``%`` where the right operand is ``0.0``, cause -the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Under the -``-ffast-math`` compiler flag they instead produce the IEEE 754 result -- a -signed ``Infinity``, or ``NaN`` for ``0.0 / 0.0`` -- rather than an error. - -Real values use the IEEE 754 representation of not-a-number (NaNs), infinity -(Infs), and zeros. +Real values always use the IEEE 754 representation and semantics for +not-a-number (``NaN``), the signed infinities (``Infinity``), and signed +zeros. Real arithmetic therefore **never** raises a ``MathError``: overflowing +the finite ``real`` range yields a signed ``Infinity``, division or ``%`` by +``0.0`` yields a signed ``Infinity`` (or ``NaN`` for ``0.0 / 0.0``), and every +subsequent operation on ``Infinity`` and ``NaN`` operands follows IEEE 754. The +``-ffast-math`` flag has **no effect** on how ``real`` values are produced or +handled -- in particular it does not change the generation of ``Infinity`` or +``NaN``. (``-ffast-math`` affects only integer overflow; see +:ref:`ssec:integer`.) + +Comparisons follow from this rule, exactly as in IEEE 754. With at least one +``NaN`` operand, every *affirmative* comparison -- ``==``, ``<``, ``>``, +``<=``, ``>=`` -- evaluates to ``false``, while the *negative* comparison +``!=`` evaluates to ``true``. A ``NaN`` is unordered with respect to every +value, including an ``Infinity`` and including another ``NaN``; so when ``x`` +is ``NaN``, ``x == x`` is ``false`` and ``x != x`` is ``true``. Comparisons +that involve only finite values and the infinities behave as ordinary IEEE 754 +comparisons; for example ``1.0 / 0.0`` compares greater than every finite +``real``, and ``+Infinity`` compares equal to ``+Infinity``. + +Exponentiation (``^``) likewise follows IEEE 754: a negative base raised to a +fractional exponent -- for example ``(-2.0)^0.5`` -- is not a ``MathError`` but +yields ``NaN``. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index 8e1436d0..352a4d27 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ character sequence, which may grow (for example through the ``push`` and ``append`` methods). There is no separate sized or bounded string type. Although a ``string`` and a plain ``character`` array behave alike in most -respects, *Gazprea* still treats the two differently in a few places: -strings have an :ref:`extra literal style `, a distinct -:ref:`result type for concatenation `, and special +respects, *Gazprea* still treats the two differently in a couple of places: +strings have an :ref:`extra literal style ` and special :ref:`behavior when sent to an output stream `. +(Concatenation is *not* one of these differences -- see +:ref:`sssec:string_ops`.) .. _sssec:string_decl: @@ -76,9 +77,14 @@ As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them as the other array data types. Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, the concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine ``string`` values with ``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). -The result type follows the operands: if at least one operand of ``||`` is a -``string``, the result is a ``string``; a concatenation of character arrays -alone yields a character array. At least one operand of ``||`` must be a +Concatenation follows exactly the same rule as for any other vector: like every +binary operator with a vector or array operand, ``||`` produces an *array* +result -- here a ``character`` array -- and string-ness (vector-ness) is never +propagated through the operator (see :ref:`sssec:vec_ops`). The resulting +``character`` array is then implicitly cast back to a ``string`` whenever it is +stored into one (see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_string`), which is why +``var string letters = ['a', 'b'] || "cd";`` below is legal even though the +concatenation itself yields an array. At least one operand of ``||`` must be a composite type (a ``string`` or an array); concatenating two :term:`scalar ` values -- for example ``character || character`` -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). You may also append a slice of diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 3d7bb68b..606fd0a9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -151,9 +151,15 @@ expression of a particular type, while ``id`` is a field within the struct. Note that in the above table ``struct-type`` may only refer to a variable instance for *Access*; accessing a field via dot notation on a non-variable (for example, the result of an expression or a struct literal) must emit a -``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For *Comparison*, at least one of the -operands must resolve to a struct type ``T``. -This allows struct instances to be compared to struct literals: +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For *Comparison*, **both** operands must +be structs of the same struct type ``T`` (one of them may be a struct literal, +since a struct literal already carries a struct type). A ``struct`` can only be +compared against another ``struct`` of the same type; there is no implicit cast +from a ``tuple`` to a ``struct``, so to compare a ``struct`` against a +``tuple`` the tuple's value must first be used to construct a ``struct`` of +type ``T``. Comparing two structs of different types is a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). This rule still allows a struct instance to be compared to +a struct literal of the same type: :: @@ -161,8 +167,6 @@ This allows struct instances to be compared to struct literals: if (c == Complex(r: 0.0, i: i)) { } Two structs are equal when all fields within each struct have the same value. -Comparing two structs of different types must emit a ``TypeError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index d2358f24..ffa5ab1a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -44,8 +44,10 @@ expression whose type is known at compile time. Access ~~~~~~ -The elements in a tuple are accessed using dot notation. Dot -notation can only be applied to tuple variables and *not* tuple literals. +The elements in a tuple are accessed using dot notation. Dot notation can only +be applied to tuple *variables*: applying it to a non-variable -- the result of +an expression, or a tuple literal -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`), exactly as for :ref:`struct field access `. Dot notation means an identifier followed by a period and then a literal integer. Spaces are not allowed between elements in dot notation. Field indices *start at one*, not zero. An index less than one or @@ -114,7 +116,10 @@ comparison operations to enable shorthand like this: Comparisons are performed pairwise. Two tuples are equal when for every expression pair, the equality operator returns true. Two tuples are unequal when one or more expression pairs are unequal. Comparing two tuples of -different type signatures must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +different type signatures **with no common implicit-cast target** must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`); two signatures that differ but share a +common implicit-cast target compare legally after a two-sided implicit cast +(for example ``(1.0, 2) == (2, 3.0)`` -- see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_ttot`). This table describes how the comparisons are completed, where ``t1`` and ``t2`` are tuple yielding expressions including literals: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index c17dac85..4e2f870b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -90,8 +90,12 @@ except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics: in an expression a vector is treated as an array value of its current length. In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot product. Every binary operation with a vector operand -- whether the -other operand is a vector or an array -- produces an *array* result; -vector-ness is never propagated through operators. +other operand is a vector or an array, and **including concatenation with** +``||`` -- produces an *array* result; vector-ness is never propagated through +operators. The resulting array may of course be implicitly cast back to a +vector (or ``string``) when it is stored into one (see +:ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_avv`), but that is a separate implicit cast, not a +property of the operator. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. From 963327b6a48ccf5f67abe9cec6a8a9d230d19cf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 10:52:03 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 63/84] docs(arrays): redefine slices as copy-on-read, view-on-assign Slices are no longer unconditionally views. In value position a slice now yields a fresh copy of the selected elements; it is a write-through view only as an assignment target (LHS) or a var reference parameter. This removes the const-rvalue live-view confusion. Generalize slicing to arbitrary rank with a positional per-axis model: in a[s1]...[sk], sm selects along axis m (an integer drops the axis, a range keeps it), so a[1][1..3][1..3] on an integer[3][3][3] is an integer[2][2]. Pin down the resulting precedence subtlety: a maximal adjacent subscript run is one positional index on its operand, so M[1..3][2] selects a column, whereas (M[1..3])[2] indexes the copied slice and selects a row. Touches statements (deep-copy now has no slice exception), procedures and functions (const param = by-value copy, var param = by-reference view), matrix (per-axis indexing; drop the 'indices must be integers' claim), and expressions (postfix multi-axis indexing note). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 13 ++++ gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 13 ++-- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 26 ++++--- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 20 +++--- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 37 +++++----- 6 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 4e36a732..72da40c1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -61,6 +61,19 @@ how computed ranges parse: arithmetic operator, so ``-4..5`` parses as ``(-4)..5`` and ``1..n-1`` parses as ``1..(n-1)`` -- the bounds are computed first, then the range is formed. +The indexing operator ``[]`` (precedence 2) is a *postfix, multi-axis* operator: +a maximal run of subscripts written directly against an array operand -- +``a[s1][s2]...[sk]`` -- is a single :ref:`positional index ` +on that operand, with ``sm`` selecting along axis ``m`` (see :ref:`ssec:matrix`). +Its left-associativity only fixes the order in which the axes are read (left to +right, outermost axis first); it does **not** re-index an intermediate result. +Because the axes are counted against the operand, parentheses matter: +``M[1..3][2]`` indexes ``M`` positionally and selects column 2 of rows 1--2, +whereas ``(M[1..3])[2]`` first evaluates ``M[1..3]`` to an array value and then +indexes *that* value on its own first axis (selecting a row). Parenthesizing an +inner slice -- or binding it to a variable -- is therefore how one indexes into +a slice's result. + .. _ssec:expressions_generators: Generators diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 1d8d98f0..15785c68 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ checked: length in its type, so no length check applies in either direction; the parameter simply takes on the length of the value passed or returned. -Like Rust, array *slices* may be passed as arguments: +Array *slices* may also be passed as arguments: :: @@ -241,12 +241,11 @@ that assigns to one of its parameters must emit an ``AssignError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). Because every function parameter is ``const``, an array :ref:`slice -` passed to a function is necessarily received through a -``const`` parameter and so cannot write through to its backing array. A -function therefore can never observe or cause a change to a slice's backing -storage, which makes passing a slice by value (a copy) semantically equivalent -to passing the view -- the distinction that matters for procedures (below) does -not arise for functions. +` passed to a function is received **by value** -- a copy of +the selected elements -- and so can never observe or cause a change to the +slice's backing storage. The view-versus-copy distinction that matters for a +``var`` parameter therefore does not arise for functions: every slice a function +receives is a copy. .. _ssec:function_namespacing: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 55496eda..e1ffdd0d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -270,10 +270,11 @@ passed to procedures. For instance: It is impossible to tell whether or not these overlap at :term:`compile time` due to the halting problem. Thus for simplicity, whenever an array is passed to a procedure *Gazprea* detects aliasing whenever the same array is used, -regardless of whether or not the access would overlap. Because a -:ref:`slice ` is a view into a backing array, two ``var`` -arguments that slice the same backing array always alias -- the backing array -is the unit of aliasing -- even when their ranges are disjoint. +regardless of whether or not the access would overlap. A +:ref:`slice ` bound to a ``var`` parameter is a reference +into its backing array, so two ``var`` arguments that slice the same backing +array always alias -- the backing array is the unit of aliasing -- even when +their ranges are disjoint. Another instance of aliasing relates to tuple and struct fields. Passing the same field to two ``var`` parameters is aliasing, but passing two *disjoint* @@ -319,13 +320,16 @@ Slices can be used wherever arrays are declared as parameters (see may be ``var``, allowing the array or slice passed to it to be modified. Procedures follow the usual ``var``-is-reference, ``const``-is-value -convention, with array slices as the subtle case. A slice passed to a -``const`` parameter cannot modify its backing storage through that slice, so -passing it by value is semantically fine. A slice is a *view*, however, so if -some ``var`` reference to the same backing store mutates it during the call, -the slice must reflect that change -- a requirement this version of the -specification does not fully pin down. A dedicated slice type and a ``splat`` -operator are planned for a future revision to make these semantics precise. +convention, and array slices follow it too. A slice bound to a ``const`` +parameter is passed **by value**: the callee receives a copy of the selected +elements and cannot reach the caller's array through it, so no aliasing arises. +A slice bound to a ``var`` parameter is passed **by reference**: it is a view +that writes *through* to the backing array, exactly as a slice on the left of an +assignment does, so the callee's writes are visible to the caller once the call +returns (and the backing array must therefore be ``var``). An implementation may +pass a ``const`` slice by reference for efficiency -- because the callee only +reads it, the choice is unobservable, and *Gazprea*'s value semantics (realized +directly by *MLIR*) make the copy and the shared reference indistinguishable. .. _ssec:procedure_mutation: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 27eba72a..894e9304 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -162,16 +162,16 @@ The above is a simple example using arrays. You must ensure that values cannot be aliased with an assignment between any types, including arrays and tuples. -The one exception is an :ref:`array slice `, which is -deliberately a *view* over its backing array rather than a copy. Binding a -slice, as in ``const b = a[1..3];``, aliases the backing array's elements, and -writing through a mutable slice writes through to that array; this is the sole -construct that aliases through an assignment or initialization. Every other -assignment or initialization -- whole arrays, tuples, and structs alike -- -deep-copies, so, for example, creating a new struct copies the right-hand side -and never aliases it through indexing. (This slice exception is expected to be -revised in a future version of the specification, alongside a dedicated slice -type.) +This deep-copy rule has no exceptions; :ref:`array slices ` +obey it too. Binding a slice to a variable, as in ``const b = a[1..3];``, +*copies* the selected elements into a fresh, independent array, so ``b`` does +not alias ``a`` and neither one sees the other's later writes. A slice writes +*through* to its backing array only when it is the target on the *left* of an +assignment (``a[1..3] = [4, 5];``) or is bound to a ``var`` reference parameter +-- that is the :term:`lvalue` meaning of a slice, not an aliasing of two +variables. Every assignment and initialization -- whole arrays, slices, tuples, +and structs alike -- deep-copies, so, for example, creating a new struct copies +the right-hand side and never aliases it through indexing. Variables may be declared as const, and in this case a program that places them on the left hand side of an assignment expression is :term:`ill-formed`. The diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index fea52006..80ed2b0d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -506,48 +506,67 @@ element: | ``i..j`` | ``i`` through ``j-1`` | +-----------+-----------------------------------------+ -An array slice is a **view** into the elements of its backing array, not a -copy: - -- As an :term:`lvalue`, a slice writes through to its backing array, and - so is an lvalue only when that array is mutable (declared ``var``): +Whether a slice copies or writes through depends on where it appears: a slice is +a **copy when read** and a **view when assigned to**. + +- **In value position** (an :term:`rvalue`) -- as an initializer, on the right + of an assignment, as an argument bound to a ``const`` parameter, or anywhere + an array value is expected -- a slice produces a **fresh, independent array** + holding a *copy* of the selected elements. Binding it to a variable creates a + new array; the copy and the original never observe each other's later writes. + Because the elements are copied, the source array need not be mutable -- a + slice of a ``const`` array is perfectly legal here -- and the copy's own + mutability is decided by the declaration that receives it: :: - var integer[3] a = [1, 2, 3]; - a[1..3] = [4, 5]; - a -> std_output; // [4, 5, 3] + integer[3] a = [1, 2, 3]; // a is const (the default) + var b = a[1..3]; // b is a fresh var integer[2] == [1, 2] (a copy) + b[1] = 9; // b == [9, 2]; a is unchanged, still [1, 2, 3] (``a[1..3]`` selects indices 1 and 2.) -- As an :term:`rvalue`, a slice is a live, read-only view. A ``const`` - slice is such a read-only view and need not be built on a ``const`` - array -- it still reflects later changes to its backing array: +- **In assignment-target position** (an :term:`lvalue`) -- on the *left* of an + assignment, or bound to a ``var`` reference parameter -- a slice is a **view** + that writes *through* to its backing array. This is the only situation in + which a slice aliases storage, and it requires the backing array to be mutable + (declared ``var``); a slice of a ``const`` array is never an lvalue. The + assigned value is fitted to the slice's length exactly as for a whole-array + assignment -- a shorter value is padded with the element type's + :term:`zero value` and a longer value is a ``SizeError`` (see + :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`): :: var integer[3] a = [1, 2, 3]; - const b = a[1..3]; - b -> std_output; // [1, 2] - a[2] = 4; - b -> std_output; // [1, 4] + a[1..3] = [4, 5]; // writes through: a == [4, 5, 3] + a -> std_output; // [4, 5, 3] -Further indexing and slicing shorthand forms are shown below. +This copy-on-read, view-on-assignment split applies unchanged to arrays of any +rank; the higher-rank case is described below and in :ref:`ssec:matrix`. + +Slicing shorthand forms are shown below. Each names a slice in value position, +so each is an ordinary array value (a copy): :: // 0..10 is a range value, not a slice integer[*] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; - integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* x == [2, 4] */ - integer y = a[2..4][1]; /* y == 2 */ + integer[2] x = a[2..4]; /* x == [2, 4] (a fresh copy) */ integer[*] u = a[..4]; /* u == [0, 2, 4] */ integer[*] v = a[4..]; /* v == [6, 8, 10] */ integer[*] w = a[..-1]; /* w == [0, 2, 4, 6, 8] */ - // A slice of the entire array behaves as the array itself, this can be repeated - integer z1 = a[4]; /* z1 == 6 */ - integer z2 = a[1..7][1..7][1..7][4]; /* z2 == 6 */ +To index *into* the array that a slice produces, bind it to a variable (or +parenthesize the slice) and index that value; being a copy, it behaves as any +other array value: + +:: + + integer[*] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; + var s = a[2..4]; /* s is a fresh integer[2] copy == [2, 4] */ + integer y = s[1]; /* y == 2 */ After resolving any negative bound, both ``i`` and ``j`` in ``a[i..j]`` must @@ -561,11 +580,52 @@ A slice whose (in-bounds) left bound is greater than its right bound, such as (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`), it simply selects no elements and yields an empty array of ``a``'s element type. -A slice of a mutable (``var``) array is an :term:`lvalue`; used in a -parameter call or on the left side of an assignment, it allows modification -of the backing array, as in the following example. A slice of a ``const`` -array may be used only as an :term:`rvalue`: +Slicing generalizes to arrays of any rank. Indexing is *positional*: in a +subscript chain ``a[s1][s2]...[sk]`` the subscript ``sm`` applies to axis ``m`` +of ``a``, and a rank-``k`` array accepts up to ``k`` index positions (see +:ref:`ssec:matrix`). An axis indexed by a single integer is dropped from the +result; an axis indexed by a range is kept, holding the selected run -- so the +rank of the result is the number of index positions that are ranges. The +copy-on-read, view-on-assignment rule carries over per selection: the result is +a copy when read and a write-through view when it is the target of an +assignment. + +:: + + // a rank-3 array whose 27 elements are 1, 2, 3, ..., 27 in order + var integer[3][3][3] a = ...; + + // axis 1 by an integer (dropped); axes 2 and 3 by ranges (kept): + var b = a[1][1..3][1..3]; // a fresh integer[2][2] copy == [[1, 2], [4, 5]] + + // the same positional selection as an lvalue writes through to a: + a[2][1..3][1..3] = [[28, 29], [30, 31]]; // updates those four elements of a + +Because a subscript chain names successive axes rather than re-indexing an +intermediate result, writing more index positions than the array has axes is +*not* how one indexes into a slice's result; for that, bind the slice to a +variable (or parenthesize it) and index the resulting value, as shown above. + +A slice may also be handed to a :ref:`function ` or +:ref:`procedure `. In an argument position it follows the same +copy-or-view rule as everywhere else, decided by the *parameter* it binds to: + +- A slice bound to a ``const`` parameter is passed **by value** -- the callee + receives a copy of the selected elements and cannot reach the caller's array + through it. Every :ref:`function ` parameter is ``const`` + (functions are pure), so a slice passed to a function is always such a copy. + +- A slice bound to a ``var`` parameter -- available only for + :ref:`procedures `, whose parameters may be ``var`` -- + is passed **by reference**: it is a view that writes *through* to the backing + array, exactly as an lvalue slice does, so the callee's writes are visible to + the caller once the call returns. This requires the backing array to be + ``var``. +An implementation may still pass a ``const`` slice by reference for efficiency: +because the callee only reads it, the choice is unobservable, and *Gazprea*'s +value semantics -- realized directly by *MLIR* -- make the copy and the shared +reference indistinguishable in that case. :: @@ -575,31 +635,29 @@ array may be used only as an :term:`rvalue`: procedure main() returns integer { - integer[6] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; + integer[6] a = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]; /* a and b are const */ integer[6] b = [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15]; - var integer[6] c; /* c must be var */ + var integer[6] c; /* c must be var */ - /* procedure works normally with an array */ + /* procedure works normally with whole arrays */ call sum_arrays(a, b, c); c -> std_output; /* [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25] */ - /* procedure can also modify a slice */ + /* a[1..4] and b[1..4] are copied into the const parameters; + c[4..7] is a var slice, so writes pass through to c */ call sum_arrays(a[1..4], b[1..4], c[4..7]); c -> std_output; /* [0, 5, 10, 0, 5, 10] */ - /* slice can be assigned to, modifying c */ + /* a slice on the left of an assignment writes through to c */ c[3..5] = [415, 429]; c -> std_output; /* [0, 5, 415, 429, 5, 10] */ return 0; } -Because ``c[4..7]`` and ``c[3..5]`` are views over the mutable array ``c``, -each write passes through to ``c`` itself; no copy of ``c`` is made. A slice -is *always* a view, never a copy: binding one to a new variable (as in the -earlier examples) aliases the backing array's elements rather than copying -them, so a later write through either name is visible through the other. (A -dedicated copy operator is a planned future addition.) +Here ``c[4..7]`` and ``c[3..5]`` are lvalue slices of the mutable array ``c``, +so each write passes through to ``c`` itself; ``a[1..4]`` and ``b[1..4]``, bound +to ``const`` parameters, are copied and leave ``a`` and ``b`` untouched. Type Casting and Implicit Casts diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 2b014260..f85d2380 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -140,18 +140,17 @@ functions ``rows`` and ``columns``; see :ref:`ssec:builtIn_rows_cols` for their full definition. -Matrix indexing is done similarly to array indexing, however, two -indices must be used. Because matrices are arrays of arrays the indexing is -composite: +Matrix indexing is done similarly to array indexing, except that one subscript +is written per axis: :: M[i][j] -> std_output; -The first index specifies the row of the matrix, and the second index -specifies the column of the matrix. The result is retrieved from the row -and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers. +The first index selects along the first axis (the row) and the second along the +second axis (the column). When both indices are single integers, as here, the +result is the one element at that row and column: :: @@ -163,16 +162,22 @@ As with arrays, out of bounds indexing on matrices must emit an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. -Because a matrix is an array of arrays, every index position accepts the same -forms as a 1-D array index (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`): a single integer -selects one element along that dimension, and a range written directly in an -index position selects a contiguous run along that dimension (a slice, with the -same inclusive-left, exclusive-right bounds and view semantics as for 1-D -arrays). Multi-dimensional indexing and slicing therefore follow the same -pattern as 1-D arrays, applied per index position: a single row index ``M[i]`` -selects a whole row (a rank-1 array), ``M[i][j]`` selects one element, and a -range such as ``M[1..3]`` selects a contiguous band of rows (a sub-matrix). -Higher-rank arrays generalize this to ``k`` index positions. +Every index position accepts the same forms as a 1-D array index (see +:ref:`sssec:array_slices`): a single integer selects one element along that +axis, and a range written directly in an index position selects a contiguous +run along that axis (a slice, with the same inclusive-left, exclusive-right +bounds as for 1-D arrays). Indexing is *positional*: in a subscript chain +``M[s1][s2]``, ``s1`` applies to the first axis (rows) and ``s2`` to the second +(columns), and a rank-``k`` array accepts up to ``k`` such positions. An axis +indexed by a single integer is dropped from the result, while an axis indexed by +a range is kept, so the rank of the result is the number of index positions that +are ranges: ``M[i]`` selects a whole row (a rank-1 array), ``M[i][j]`` selects +one element, ``M[1..3]`` selects a contiguous band of rows (a rank-2 +sub-matrix), and ``M[1..3][2]`` selects column 2 of that band (a rank-1 array). +Higher-rank arrays generalize this to ``k`` index positions. Slices of a matrix +carry the same copy-on-read, write-through-on-assignment semantics as for 1-D +arrays: a slice read as a value copies the selected elements, while a slice on +the left of an assignment writes through to the matrix (which must be ``var``). :: From f41b6e54266abf96ff6f84b38f45b177c167782c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:26:17 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 64/84] docs(namespaces): drop the struct-field namespace Gazprea has two namespaces, not three. A struct's field names are not a namespace of their own; each struct introduces its own declaration scope for its fields, so a field name may coincide with a type, a variable/function/procedure, or a field of another struct. The only constraint is that the fields within one struct must be distinct -- two fields with the same name is a SymbolError. Reword the struct.rst namespacing note to match. Also updates the struct example's range literal (1..10 -> 1..11) so it stays a ten-element array under the half-open range change applied across this review batch. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 15 +++++++++++---- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 13 ++++++++----- 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index 7096c2c1..aadaeff1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -3,19 +3,26 @@ Namespaces ========== -There are three namespaces in *Gazprea*: +There are two namespaces in *Gazprea*: - Type namespace: user-defined types (structs and typealiases). - Variable/Function/procedure namespace: variables, functions, and procedures. -- Struct field namespace: each ``struct`` type has its own field - namespace, distinct from the type and variable/function/procedure - namespaces and from every other struct's field namespace. Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier; the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +A ``struct``'s field names are **not** a third namespace. Each ``struct`` +introduces its own :term:`declaration scope ` for its fields -- the same +mechanism by which a block or a function body scopes its local names -- so a +field name lives in that struct's scope, not in either global namespace, and may +freely coincide with a type name, a variable/function/procedure name, or a field +name of another struct. The only constraint applies *within* a single struct: +its fields must have distinct names. A ``struct`` that declares two fields with +the same name is :term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a +``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + :: // Does not conflict with the other statements diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 606fd0a9..1b0b8d99 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ the struct type name: struct S (integer i, character[5] c, integer[3] a3); const S cs = S(i: x, c: "hello", a3: [1, 2, 3]); var S vs = S(c: ' ', i: 0, a3: 0); - struct V (integer i, real r, integer[10] arr) v = V(i: 1, r: 2.1, arr: [i in 1..10 | i]); + struct V (integer i, real r, integer[10] arr) v = V(i: 1, r: 2.1, arr: [i in 1..11 | i]); The fields may be listed in any order, but all fields must be present. The type of each value must match, or be implicitly castable to (see @@ -186,7 +186,10 @@ Struct Namespacing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Struct type identifiers share the global type namespace with every other -user-defined type, while each struct's field identifiers form a separate -namespace scoped to that struct declaration; see :ref:`sec:namespaces` for -the full namespacing rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised on a -collision. +user-defined type. A struct's field identifiers are not a namespace of their +own: each struct introduces its own :term:`declaration scope ` for its +fields, so a field name may coincide with a type, a +variable/function/procedure, or a field of another struct, while the fields +*within* one struct must be distinct. See :ref:`sec:namespaces` for the full +rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised when a struct declares two fields +with the same name. From 66a4aed7a6a66416488bda6e4f05eff76115a00c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:26:17 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 65/84] docs(glossary): make the character zero value the null char The glossary listed the character zero value as ' ' (a space), while declarations.rst already used the null character. Make the null character normative; the glossary was the only place that disagreed. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index 677c1bdb..11be3165 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ Terms zero value The value a variable of a given type holds when it is declared without an :term:`initializer`. It is ``0`` for ``integer``, - ``0.0`` for ``real``, ``false`` for ``boolean``, and ``' '`` (a - space) for ``character``. For a fixed-size array or + ``0.0`` for ``real``, ``false`` for ``boolean``, and ``'\0'`` (the + null character) for ``character``. For a fixed-size array or matrix it is that shape filled with the element type's zero value; for a ``tuple`` or ``struct``, each member set to its own zero value; for a ``vector`` or ``string``, the empty collection. A From 23072257302a6e8683345b1de32c695654821e78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:26:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 66/84] docs(vectors): pad nested literals whole, not per element A nested array literal is always an array literal: it is normalized to a rectangle by padding every sub-array to the longest one -- exactly like a matrix -- before it is stored into a vector. The previous text applied first-element-fixes-size padding to a literal, and even called a padded literal a SizeError, so the same literal behaved differently for a vector than for an array. Now the first-element rule applies only to incremental push/append growth. Walk through the three cases: whole-literal padding on const-initialization, the contrasting push that pads only its new element, and an empty-then-append vector whose first appended element fixes the size. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 4e2f870b..392157d9 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ array value of its *current* length. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct type, and the differences include (non-exhaustively): vectors have methods where arrays have none; a mixed binary operation between a vector and an array produces an *array* result (vector-ness is not propagated through -operators); and a vector of inferred-size arrays pads to the size of its -*first* element (see below), whereas a matrix literal pads to its longest -row (see :ref:`sssec:matrix_constr`). +operators); and a ``vector`` (a vector of +inferred-size arrays) fixes its element size once, from the first array value +stored into it, and fits every later element to that size (see below). .. _sssec:vec_decl: @@ -58,26 +58,69 @@ Below are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. const vector v6 = 1; // [1.0] -Vectors of inferred-size arrays (``vector``) assume the shape of the -*first* array in the vector. Subsequent array elements shorter than the -inferred size are padded with the element type's :term:`zero value`; those -longer raise a :term:`run time` ``SizeError``. (Contrast with -:ref:`matrix construction `, where rows pad to the -*longest* row: the same nested literal can be legal as a matrix and a -``SizeError`` as a vector of arrays.) +A ``vector`` -- a vector whose element is an inferred-size array -- fixes +that element size (the ``*``) exactly once, from the **first array value that +enters the vector**, and fits every later element to it: a shorter array is +padded with the element type's :term:`zero value`, and a longer one raises a +``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). What counts as the "first value" depends +on how the vector is populated, and the two paths must not be conflated: + +- **Initialized from an array value** (including a nested array *literal*): the + right-hand side is evaluated to an array *value* on its own first, and only + then stored. A nested literal such as ``[[1.0], [2.0, 3.0]]`` is an ordinary + array literal, so it is normalized to a rectangle by padding every sub-array + to the **longest** one -- exactly as in :ref:`matrix construction + ` -- *before* the vector ever sees it. This padding is a + property of the literal, so it is identical whether the literal initializes an + array variable or a vector. + +- **Built up incrementally** with ``push`` / ``append`` from a shorter or empty + vector: the elements arrive one at a time, so the **first** element stored + fixes the size and each later element is fitted to it. + +A vector of arrays is therefore never ragged: once the element size is fixed, +every element has that shape. A ``vector>``, by contrast, *may* be +ragged, because each inner vector carries its own runtime length and no element +imposes its shape on the others. This version of the language has no +broadcasting and no ``shape()`` operation. + +Because a nested literal is padded to its longest sub-array before it is stored, +neither initializer below is ragged and neither is an error -- the short +sub-array is simply padded, whichever side it is on: -A vector of arrays is therefore never ragged: every array element has the -same shape as the first element. A ``vector>``, by contrast, -*may* be ragged, because each inner vector carries its own runtime length -and no element imposes its shape on the others. This version of the -language has no broadcasting and no ``shape()`` operation. + :: + + const vector vec = ['a', 'b', 'c']; // ['a', 'b', 'c'] + + // Each RHS is normalized to its longest sub-array, then stored: + const vector x = [[1.0], [2.0, 3.0]]; // x == [[1.0, 0.0], [2.0, 3.0]] + const vector w = [[1.0, 2.0], [1.0]]; // w == [[1.0, 2.0], [1.0, 0.0]] + + const vector const_vec = vec; // copy of vec + +Growing a vector one element at a time is different: there is no surrounding +literal to normalize, so the first stored element fixes the size and each later +element is fitted to it. This is why the same value pads differently depending +on the path -- ``x`` above is padded as a whole literal, whereas ``y`` below +pads only its newly pushed element: + + :: + + var vector y = [[1.0, 2.0]]; // element size fixed at 2 + call y.push([3.0]); // [3.0] padded to [3.0, 0.0] + // y == [[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 0.0]] + +An initially empty ``vector`` takes its element size from the first array +appended, after which the usual pad / ``SizeError`` rules apply. Each call below +is shown for its own effect on the freshly emptied vector: :: - const vector vec = ['a', 'b', 'c']; - const vector ragged_right = [[1.0], [2.0, 2.0]]; // SizeError - const vector padded_right = [[1.0, 2.0], [1.0]]; // Pads second element - const vector const_vec = vec; + var vector z; // empty; element size not yet fixed + call z.append([1, 2]); // first element fixes the size at 2: z == [[1, 2]] + call z.append([1]); // shorter: padded to [1, 0] + call z.append([1, 2, 3]); // longer than the fixed size 2: SizeError + call z.append(1); // scalar 1 broadcasts to [1, 1], then appended .. _sssec:vec_ops: From 973ed5754c3924a9eb31c0c2061419a499348c03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:26:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 67/84] docs(ranges): make range values half-open like slices Range values now use the same inclusive-left, exclusive-right convention as slices, so i..j holds i, i+1, ..., j-1 whether it is written as a value or inside an index position. This removes the deliberate value-vs-slice discrepancy. Rewrite the range definition, the empty-range rule, and the slice/range parity note in array.rst, and update every affected example across the spec: bump an upper bound where a specific element count or printed output was intended (for example 1..10 -> 1..11 to keep ten elements, and loop bounds to preserve asserted output), and leave bounds untouched where the element count was immaterial. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 4 ++-- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 15 ++++++++------- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/typealias.rst | 4 ++-- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 27 +++++++++++++++------------ gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 2 +- 10 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index bb9a2bb5..5bb7cbe2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ matrix instead. :: - integer[*] v = 1..5; + integer[*] v = 1..6; length(v) -> std_output; /* Prints 5 */ @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ one. :: - integer[*] v = 1..5; + integer[*] v = 1..6; integer[*] w = reverse(v); v -> std_output; /* Prints [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] */ diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 72da40c1..19cc6c5d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ This additional expression is used to create the generated values. For example: :: - integer[10] v = [i in 1..10 | i * i]; + integer[10] v = [i in 1..11 | i * i]; /* v[i] == i * i */ - integer[2][3] M = [i in 1..2, j in 1..3 | i * j]; + integer[2][3] M = [i in 1..3, j in 1..4 | i * j]; /* M[i][j] == i * j */ The expression to the right of the bar (``|``) is used to generate the @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ is perfectly legal: integer i = 7; /* The domain expression should use the previously defined i */ - integer[*] v = [i in [i in 1..i | i] | [i in 1..10 | i * i][i]]; + integer[*] v = [i in [i in 1..i+1 | i] | [i in 1..11 | i * i][i]]; /* v should contain the first 7 squares. */ @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ For instance: integer i = 7; /* This will print 1234567 */ - loop i in 1..i { + loop i in 1..i+1 { i -> std_output; } @@ -184,17 +184,18 @@ using commas, such as in matrix generators. /* The "i"s both domain expressions are at the same scope, which is * the one enclosing the generator. Therefore the matrix is: [[0 0 0] [0 1 2] [0 2 4]] */ - integer[3][3] mat = [ i in 0..i, j in 0..i | i*j ]; + integer[3][3] mat = [ i in 0..i+1, j in 0..i+1 | i*j ]; The domain of a domain expression is only evaluated once. For instance: :: - integer x = 1; + integer x = 2; /* 1..x is only evaluated the first time the loop executes, so it is - simply 1..1, and not an infinite loop. */ + simply 1..2 -- the one-element range [1] -- and not an infinite + loop. */ loop i in 1..x { x = x + 1; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 15785c68..dbb34318 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Array *slices* may also be passed as arguments: } function slicer() returns real[*] { - integer[10] a = 1..10; + integer[10] a = 1..11; var vector two_halves = to_real_vec(a[1..6]); call two_halves.append(to_real_vec(a[6..])); return two_halves; diff --git a/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst index 3ae63b01..0e90e58a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/implicit_casts.rst @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Other examples: :: 1 == [1, 1] // true - 1..2 || 3 // [1, 2, 3] + 1..3 || 3 // [1, 2, 3] Concatenation (``||``) is an exception to the size-matching rule above: a scalar operand becomes a single new element regardless of the other diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 894e9304..859c7926 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ Array ranges can also be used instead: :: // This will print 123 - loop i in 1..3 { + loop i in 1..4 { i -> std_output; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index 9641941a..5be78a4b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ values. For example: :: - integer[*] v = 1..3; + integer[*] v = 1..4; v -> std_output; prints the following: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index dd3c9838..faddbdc4 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ truncation happens only when a concrete size is given. For example: :: - real[3] v = [i in 1..3 | i + 0.3 * i]; + real[3] v = [i in 1..4 | i + 0.3 * i]; // Convert the real array to an integer array. integer[3] u = as(v); diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst index c73817db..a38c6c14 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ consistency: student_id_grade chucky_cheese = ("C. Cheese", 123456, 77.0); typealias integer[2][3] two_by_three_matrix; - two_by_three_matrix m = [i in 1..2, j in 1..3 | i + j]; + two_by_three_matrix m = [i in 1..3, j in 1..4 | i + j]; Type aliases of arrays with inferred sizes (``[*]``) are allowed, but declarations of variables using the type alias must be initialized @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ folding of scalar literals but also constant propagation through other typealias integer[1 + 3 - 2] vec_of_two; procedure main() returns integer { - vec_of_two v = 1..3; + vec_of_two v = 1..4; } The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) on line 3 diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 80ed2b0d..14f9fd97 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -315,8 +315,11 @@ Operations The ``..`` operator creates an integer array holding the specified range of integer values. This operator must have an expression resulting in an integer on both - sides of it. These integers mark the *inclusive* upper and lower bounds - of the range. + sides of it. The range is **half-open**: the left bound is *inclusive* + and the right bound is *exclusive*, so ``i..j`` holds the integers ``i, + i+1, ..., j-1``. This is the same convention used when a range is written + inside an index position to form a :ref:`slice `, so a + range value and a slice agree on exactly which endpoints they include. For example: @@ -329,8 +332,8 @@ Operations :: - [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10] - [2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11] + [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9] + [2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10] The number of integers in a range may not be known at :term:`compile time` when the integer expressions use variables. In another example, assuming @@ -344,10 +347,11 @@ Operations :: - [-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5] + [-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4] Therefore, it is *valid* to have bounds that will produce an empty - array because the difference between them is negative. + array: because the right bound is *exclusive*, ``i..j`` is empty whenever + ``i >= j`` (for example ``5..5`` or ``5..2``). e. Indexing @@ -479,12 +483,11 @@ Array Slices An array slice is a contiguous subset of elements, described by a range. The left hand bound is *inclusive* and the right hand bound is *exclusive*: -``a[i..j]`` selects the elements from ``i`` up to but not including ``j``. -(This differs from a range *value*, whose bounds are both inclusive: -``0..10`` written as an expression produces the integers 0 through 10, while -the same ``i..j`` syntax written inside an index position selects elements -with a right-exclusive bound.) A slice always selects a contiguous run of -elements. +``a[i..j]`` selects the elements from ``i`` up to but not including ``j``. This +is the identical half-open convention used by a range *value* (see the +:ref:`range operator `), so ``i..j`` picks out the same +endpoints whether it is written as a value or inside an index position. A slice +always selects a contiguous run of elements. The following forms are accepted inside an index position, where ``n`` is the length of the array being sliced and elements are 1-indexed. A negative diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index ffa5ab1a..e2de427a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ parentheses in a comma separated list. For example: tuple(integer, character[5], integer[3]) my_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); var our_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); const your_tuple = (x, "hello", [1, 2, 3]); - tuple(integer, real, integer[10]) tuple_var = (1, 2.1, [i in 1..10 | i]); + tuple(integer, real, integer[10]) tuple_var = (1, 2.1, [i in 1..11 | i]); .. _sssec:tuple_ops: From 695929d3c394f75c28161075da0f96df8b7dc95e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:41:34 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 68/84] docs(ranges): use uniform half-open bounds in examples The half-open range change left a few count-bearing literals unbumped (get([1..10],3), const x = 1..10, loop i in 1..6), so 1..10 meaning ten elements sat next to 1..11 meaning the same. Bump these to the 1..N+1 convention so every range that represents N elements is written the same way. The precedence-illustration bounds (-4..5, 1..n-1) are left as-is. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 2 +- 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 19cc6c5d..8dd537fb 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -218,6 +218,6 @@ iterator variable is bound fresh. :: - loop i in 1..6 { + loop i in 1..7 { integer i = 5; } diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index dbb34318..7065f2c2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ These can be called as follows: integer x = f(); /* x == 1 */ real c = pythag(3, 4); /* 3 and 4 are implicitly cast to real. c == 5.0 */ - real value = get([i in 1..10 | i], 3); /* value == 3 */ + real value = get([i in 1..11 | i], 3); /* value == 3 */ A function's body can also be given by a block statement instead of a single expression. In this case the return value of the function is diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 392157d9..b05f3a63 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ The methods are: v1.len() -> std_output; // 5 var vector v2; // v2 == [] - const x = 1..10; + const x = 1..11; // `1` is implicitly cast to `[1.0, 1.0]` before appending call v2.append(1); // v2 == [[1.0, 1.0]] From b2b3ec611430706a650900c48e374768707f0dc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:02:01 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 69/84] docs(concatenation): result kind follows the receiver Mark || right-associative (it was wrongly listed left) and define the receiver as the rightmost operand. The concatenation result is a vector when its receiver is a vector, otherwise an array; every existing array/scalar rule is unchanged, since none of those cases has a vector receiver. This makes a string concatenation like "x = " || format(x) a string (its rightmost operand is a string), so it renders as text when streamed -- no printing or stream-context exception -- while a vector result can still be stored into an array via the usual vector/array interoperability. Carve || out of the 'element-wise operators never propagate vector-ness' statements in vector.rst and string.rst accordingly. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 2 +- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 16 +++++++++++++++- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 17 +++++++++-------- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 23 +++++++++++++---------- 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 8dd537fb..9b22de60 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ override it by grouping their contents into a new atom. +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 11 | ``or``\ , ``xor`` | left | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ -| (Lowest) 12 | ``||`` | left | +| (Lowest) 12 | ``||`` | right | +----------------+------------------------------------+-------------------+ The stream operators ``->`` and ``<-`` are statement-level operators, not diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 14f9fd97..5899ec86 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -269,10 +269,24 @@ Operations :: - integer[3] v = 1 || 2 || 3; // TypeError: both operands are scalars + integer[3] v = 1 || 2 || 3; // TypeError: all operands are scalars integer[3] w = [1] || 2 || 3; // [1, 2, 3]: left operand is an array + Concatenation is right-associative, and its *receiver* -- the rightmost + operand -- fixes the **kind** of the result. When the receiver is a + :ref:`vector ` (a ``vector`` or a ``string``), the whole + concatenation is a vector of that element type; otherwise -- when the + receiver is an array or a scalar -- the result is an array, exactly as in + the examples above. Nothing else about concatenation changes: at least one + operand must still be composite, and the operands must share a common + element type through implicit casts. This is what keeps a string + concatenation such as ``"x = " || format(x)`` a ``string`` (its receiver + ``format(x)`` is a string), so it renders as text when sent to a stream, + while a vector result can still be stored into an array through the usual + :ref:`vector/array interoperability `. + + Remember that arrays have a fixed length, which means you cannot grow an array by concatenating elements to the end: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index 352a4d27..e4dd8df2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -77,14 +77,15 @@ As character vectors, strings have all of the same operations defined on them as the other array data types. Remember that because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, the concatenation operator ``||`` may be used to combine ``string`` values with ``character`` arrays (which are a distinct array type). -Concatenation follows exactly the same rule as for any other vector: like every -binary operator with a vector or array operand, ``||`` produces an *array* -result -- here a ``character`` array -- and string-ness (vector-ness) is never -propagated through the operator (see :ref:`sssec:vec_ops`). The resulting -``character`` array is then implicitly cast back to a ``string`` whenever it is -stored into one (see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_string`), which is why -``var string letters = ['a', 'b'] || "cd";`` below is legal even though the -concatenation itself yields an array. At least one operand of ``||`` must be a +Concatenation takes the kind of its :ref:`receiver `, the +rightmost operand: when that receiver is a ``string`` (or any vector), the whole +concatenation is a ``string``, so ``"x = " || format(x)`` is a ``string`` and +prints as text when sent to a stream. When instead the receiver is a +``character`` array, the result is a ``character`` array, which is implicitly +cast back to a ``string`` whenever it is stored into one (see +:ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_string`). Either way +``var string letters = ['a', 'b'] || "cd";`` below is legal -- here its receiver +``"cd"`` is a ``string``, so the concatenation is itself a ``string``. At least one operand of ``||`` must be a composite type (a ``string`` or an array); concatenating two :term:`scalar ` values -- for example ``character || character`` -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). You may also append a slice of diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index b05f3a63..0ebbb181 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ initializations; and they can be passed as array arguments to functions and procedures. When a vector appears in an expression it is used as an array value of its *current* length. Vectors are nevertheless a distinct type, and the differences include (non-exhaustively): vectors have methods -where arrays have none; a mixed binary operation between a vector and an -array produces an *array* result (vector-ness is not propagated through -operators); and a ``vector`` (a vector of +where arrays have none; a mixed *element-wise* binary operation between a vector and +an array produces an *array* result (element-wise operators do not propagate +vector-ness), though :ref:`concatenation ` with ``||`` yields a +vector when its rightmost operand is a vector; and a ``vector`` (a vector of inferred-size arrays) fixes its element size once, from the first array value stored into it, and fits every later element to that size (see below). @@ -132,13 +133,15 @@ Operations on vectors use the same syntax as operations on arrays and, except for the differences enumerated above, share their semantics: in an expression a vector is treated as an array value of its current length. In particular, operand lengths must match for binary expressions and dot -product. Every binary operation with a vector operand -- whether the -other operand is a vector or an array, and **including concatenation with** -``||`` -- produces an *array* result; vector-ness is never propagated through -operators. The resulting array may of course be implicitly cast back to a -vector (or ``string``) when it is stored into one (see -:ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_avv`), but that is a separate implicit cast, not a -property of the operator. +product. Every *element-wise* binary operation with a vector operand -- whether +the other operand is a vector or an array -- produces an *array* result; +vector-ness is never propagated through those operators, and the resulting array +may of course be implicitly cast back to a vector (or ``string``) when it is +stored into one (see :ref:`ssec:implicitCasts_avv`). **Concatenation** with +``||`` is the exception: it is right-associative and its result takes the kind +of its *receiver*, the rightmost operand, so a concatenation whose receiver is a +vector is itself a vector -- in particular a ``string`` concatenation stays a +``string`` (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`). Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the :ref:`table of operator precedence `. From c895ef38b0599725327b5615f0106ed0c7ddb84b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:13:02 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 70/84] docs(flags): add Flags page defining -ffast-math as the sole UB Add spec/flags.rst: the precise semantics of -ffast-math (the integer math faults of integer.rst become undefined behavior; no effect on real, which stays IEEE 754) plus the testing policy -- student tests never exercise UB, the flag is reserved for perf stress-tests of already-validated linear algebra, and every test is run against the non-fast-math compiler first to confirm it is UB-free. Make the type pages normative for their own math errors: errors.rst now defers its MathError conditions to integer.rst (integer faults) and notes that real never raises a MathError (real.rst). The glossary states normatively that Gazprea has no undefined behavior under standard operation, with -ffast-math the single exception, and points at flags.rst. integer.rst and real.rst link to flags.rst. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/impl/errors.rst | 17 +++++++--- gazprea/index.rst | 1 + gazprea/spec/flags.rst | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 19 ++++++----- gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 14 ++++---- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 4 +-- 6 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) create mode 100644 gazprea/spec/flags.rst diff --git a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst index 3ab4e9b3..47c868af 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst @@ -147,8 +147,13 @@ Here are the compile-time errors your compiler must throw: * ``MathError`` - May be raised during compile time expression evaluation when division by zero occurs. - Conditions for raising are equivalent to a :term:`runtime ` ``MathError``. + Raised for the integer math faults defined normatively in :ref:`ssec:integer` + -- signed 32-bit overflow, division or ``%`` by ``0``, and exponentiation of + base ``0`` with a non-positive exponent. ``real`` arithmetic never raises a + ``MathError`` (it follows IEEE 754; see :ref:`ssec:real`). This error may be + raised at compile time when the faulting expression is evaluated during + constant folding; the conditions are identical to the :term:`runtime ` ``MathError``. * ``IndexError`` @@ -200,8 +205,12 @@ at compile time or at runtime and the tester will accommodate different implemen * ``MathError`` - Raised at runtime if either zero to the power of N, where N is <= 0, or a - division by zero is evaluated. + Raised at runtime for the integer math faults defined normatively in + :ref:`ssec:integer` (signed 32-bit overflow, division or ``%`` by ``0``, and + exponentiation of base ``0`` with a non-positive exponent). ``real`` + arithmetic never raises a ``MathError``; see :ref:`ssec:real`. Under the + ``-ffast-math`` flag these integer faults are :term:`undefined behavior` + instead (see :ref:`sec:flags`). Here is an example :term:`ill-formed` program. If your compiler is smart, you may raise the later error, if you prefer not to implement static analysis, the former error can be emitted at runtime. diff --git a/gazprea/index.rst b/gazprea/index.rst index 3860200a..29a35583 100644 --- a/gazprea/index.rst +++ b/gazprea/index.rst @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ Hardware Acceleration Laboratory in Markham, ON. spec/procedures spec/globals spec/built_in_functions + spec/flags spec/glossary .. toctree:: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/flags.rst b/gazprea/spec/flags.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000..367e0b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/gazprea/spec/flags.rst @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +.. _sec:flags: + +Flags +===== + +*Gazprea* programs are compiled with a fixed set of compiler flags. Almost all +of them leave the meaning of a program unchanged. This page documents the one +flag that changes program semantics -- ``-ffast-math`` -- and states precisely +what it affects and how it may be used. + +.. _ssec:flags_ffastmath: + +The -ffast-math Flag +-------------------- + +``-ffast-math`` is a mandatory compiler flag provided **solely for performance +testing**. It is the *single* place in *Gazprea* where a program may exhibit +:term:`undefined behavior`: under standard compilation -- that is, without +``-ffast-math`` -- the language has **no undefined behavior** at all. + +Effect on integer arithmetic +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Without ``-ffast-math``, the integer operations enumerated in +:ref:`ssec:integer` raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) on a math +fault; :ref:`ssec:integer` is normative for exactly which operations these are. +Under ``-ffast-math`` every one of those faults instead becomes +:term:`undefined behavior` -- no ``MathError`` is raised, and this specification +imposes no requirement whatsoever on the result. The affected faults are: + +- signed 32-bit integer overflow of ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``^``, and unary + ``-`` (including ``INT_MIN / -1`` and ``-INT_MIN``); +- integer division or remainder ``%`` by ``0``; +- integer exponentiation ``^`` with base ``0`` and a non-positive exponent. + +Effect on real arithmetic +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +None. ``real`` arithmetic always follows IEEE 754 -- overflow yields a signed +``Infinity``, division or ``%`` by ``0.0`` yields ``Infinity`` or ``NaN``, and +operations on ``Infinity`` and ``NaN`` propagate as usual -- and ``-ffast-math`` +never changes this. A ``real`` operation therefore never raises a ``MathError`` +and never has undefined behavior, with or without the flag; :ref:`ssec:real` is +normative for real semantics. + +.. _ssec:flags_testing: + +Testing Policy +-------------- + +Because ``-ffast-math`` is the only source of undefined behavior, its use in +testing is tightly constrained: + +- **Student tests must never exercise undefined behavior.** No student test may + rely on, or trigger, any of the integer faults listed above. +- ``-ffast-math`` is **reserved for performance testing** -- specifically, + stress-tests of linear algebra that have already been validated to contain no + undefined behavior. +- ``-ffast-math`` will **never** exercise undefined behavior in testing. Every + test is first run against the non-``-ffast-math`` compiler to confirm that it + contains no undefined behavior *before* it is ever used for performance + testing under ``-ffast-math``. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index 11be3165..a50671f2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -284,13 +284,14 @@ Terms *Gazprea policy.* A conforming *Gazprea* implementation must not have any user-distinguishable implementation-defined - behavior or unspecified behavior, and has no undefined behavior - beyond the single deliberate exception of integer overflow under - the ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag (see :ref:`ssec:integer`), - provided solely for performance testing. Outside that one case, - every program is either :term:`well-formed` and produces the - output required by this specification, or it is :term:`ill-formed` - and the implementation emits an error. The reason these + behavior or unspecified behavior, and has **no undefined behavior + under standard operation**. The single, deliberate exception is + the ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag (see :ref:`sec:flags`), under + which the integer math faults of :ref:`ssec:integer` become + undefined behavior; it is provided solely for performance testing. + Outside that one case, every program is either :term:`well-formed` + and produces the output required by this specification, or it is + :term:`ill-formed` and the implementation emits an error. The reason these C/C++ terms appear in this glossary is definitional -- the *Gazprea* prose uses them to say what the language does *not* allow, not to reserve latitude for implementers. @@ -591,7 +592,9 @@ Terms [#iso-c11]_. A program exhibiting undefined behavior at run time is not obliged to signal an error, terminate, or produce any particular output. Contrast :term:`unspecified behavior` and - :term:`implementation-defined behavior`. + :term:`implementation-defined behavior`. In *Gazprea*, undefined + behavior arises only under the ``-ffast-math`` flag (see + :ref:`sec:flags`); a program compiled without it has none. unspecified behavior "Use of an unspecified value, or other behavior where this diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index 986fd666..45147476 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ exponentiation where the base is ``0`` and the exponent is ``<= 0``, cause the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. -The sole exception is under the mandatory -``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under which integer overflow, -divide by 0, mod 0, exponentiation of base 0 and exponentiation where -the exponent is <= 0 is -undefined behavior. This is the only construct where *Gazprea* -leaves behaviour undefined and is solely provided for performance -testing. +The sole exception is under the mandatory ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under +which every one of these integer faults -- overflow, divide by ``0``, ``%`` by +``0``, and exponentiation of base ``0`` with a non-positive exponent -- becomes +:term:`undefined behavior` instead of raising a ``MathError``. This is the only +construct in which *Gazprea* leaves behavior undefined, and it is provided +solely for performance testing; see :ref:`sec:flags` for its precise semantics +and the rules governing its use. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index 26468382..065c63d6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ the finite ``real`` range yields a signed ``Infinity``, division or ``%`` by subsequent operation on ``Infinity`` and ``NaN`` operands follows IEEE 754. The ``-ffast-math`` flag has **no effect** on how ``real`` values are produced or handled -- in particular it does not change the generation of ``Infinity`` or -``NaN``. (``-ffast-math`` affects only integer overflow; see -:ref:`ssec:integer`.) +``NaN``. (``-ffast-math`` affects only integer arithmetic; see :ref:`sec:flags` +and :ref:`ssec:integer`.) Comparisons follow from this rule, exactly as in IEEE 754. With at least one ``NaN`` operand, every *affirmative* comparison -- ``==``, ``<``, ``>``, From 3cda27d87aa176f77b16a148aaef318f02bc4869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:13:49 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 71/84] docs(globals): require explicit initialization of globals A global must always be initialized. Unlike a local, a global is never implicitly zero-initialized, so a global declared without an initializer is ill-formed and the compiler must emit a GlobalError; an intended zero value must be written explicitly. Fix the const-vector wording accordingly: an empty global vector now needs an explicit [] initializer rather than being declared without one. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 15 ++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index b0faeb10..87fd410d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -32,9 +32,14 @@ with the ``var`` specifier, then the compiler must emit a ``GlobalError`` variables would ruin :term:`functional purity`. If functions have access to mutable global state then the compiler can no longer guarantee their purity. -Globals must be initialized with a valid -:ref:`constant expression `. A global :term:`initializer` -may therefore reference other globals and use arithmetic and constexpr +Globals must always be initialized with a valid +:ref:`constant expression `. Unlike a local variable, a global is +never implicitly :term:`zero-initialized `: a global declared +without an initializer is :term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a +``GlobalError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A zero value is never assumed for a +global -- if one is intended it must be written explicitly (for example +``const integer i = 0;`` or ``const integer[3] a = 0;``). A global +:term:`initializer` may reference other globals and use arithmetic and constexpr aggregates, but it must be fully evaluable by the compiler before the program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables :term:`compile-time ` optimizations. As a consequence: @@ -47,8 +52,8 @@ program runs. This preserves functional purity and enables global. Because a ``const`` vector cannot grow (its mutating methods ``push``/``append`` require a ``var`` receiver), its length is fixed at compile time, so a ``const`` vector is equivalent to an array the size of - its initializer (or the empty array, if it is declared without an - initializer). Consequently ``const string s = "hi";`` and + its initializer (or the empty array, when that initializer is the empty + literal ``[]``). Consequently ``const string s = "hi";`` and ``const vector v = [1, 2, 3];`` are legal globals. (A ``var`` vector global is still rejected, but for the independent reason that no global may be ``var``.) An inferred-size array such as From ca3f8cacce930d16e4437ae76ad54f7f44a6aaf9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:18:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 72/84] docs(declarations): allow declarations anywhere in a block Remove the restriction that declarations may appear only at the start of a block; a declaration may now be interleaved freely with the statements around it, which is what constexpr.rst already assumed. Drop the corresponding StatementError wording here and in statements.rst. Globals remain the exception: their dependency order is now stated as a hard requirement -- a global may reference only globals defined earlier in the file, and a forward reference to a not-yet-defined global is a SymbolError (the name is not yet in scope). declarations.rst cross-references this. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 31 ++++++++++++------------------- gazprea/spec/globals.rst | 10 +++++++--- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 7 +++---- 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index 6be246eb..d9a6f6af 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -54,32 +54,25 @@ This applies to ``const`` declarations as well: a ``const`` variable declared without an initializer is legal and holds the zero value of its type permanently. -For simplicity *Gazprea* assumes that declarations can only appear at -the beginning of a block. For instance this would not be legal in -*Gazprea*: +A declaration may appear at **any** point within a block; *Gazprea* does not +require the declarations of a block to be grouped at its start, so a declaration +may be interleaved freely with the statements around it. For instance, this is +legal even though a declaration follows an ordinary statement: :: var integer i = 10; if (blah) { - i = i + 1; - real i = 0; // Illegal placement of a declaration. + i = i + 1; // an ordinary statement + var real r = 2.0; // a declaration after a statement -- legal + r = r + i; } -because the declaration of the real version of ``i`` does not occur at -the start of the block. The compiler must emit a ``StatementError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`) for any declaration that appears after the declaration -prefix at the start of its enclosing block statement. - -The following declaration placement is legal: - -:: - - var integer i = 10; - if (blah) { - var real i = 0; // At the start of the block. All good. - i = i + 1; - } +The one exception is :ref:`global scope `, where declarations are +**not** free to appear in any order: because every global is initialized before +the program runs, a global may reference only globals defined *earlier* in the +file, so globals must be written in :term:`initialization` order (see +:ref:`sec:global`). A variable's name enters :term:`scope` only after its initializer has been evaluated. A program that refers to a variable within its own diff --git a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst index 87fd410d..2fd461c5 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/globals.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/globals.rst @@ -12,9 +12,13 @@ Valid global :term:`scope` :term:`statements ` include: * Typealias All global statements are considered :term:`declarations `. -Global statements must be written in **dependency order**: any symbol a global -statement references must already be defined earlier in the file. The one -exception is calls to functions and procedures, for which a forward +Global statements must be written in **dependency order**, and this is a hard +requirement: a global may reference only symbols already defined *earlier* in +the file, so globals are initialized in the order they are written. A global +whose initializer references a global not yet defined at that point is +:term:`ill-formed` -- the referenced name is not yet in :term:`scope` -- so the +compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). The one exception +is calls to functions and procedures, for which a forward :ref:`prototype ` lets a later definition be referenced before it textually appears. diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 859c7926..38d09ae2 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -204,10 +204,9 @@ statements in other languages such as *C/C++*. As an example: x -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; z -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; } -Is a block statement. Declarations can only appear at the start of a -block (see :ref:`sec:declaration`, which specifies the ``StatementError`` -this raises). Each block statement introduces a new scope that new -variables may be declared in. For instance this is perfectly valid: +Is a block statement. Declarations may appear anywhere within a block, +interleaved with the other statements (see :ref:`sec:declaration`). Each block +statement introduces a new scope that new variables may be declared in. For instance this is perfectly valid: :: From 6c13c9173cacc7a27ff4ce20de541aa46ad79925 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:21:18 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 73/84] docs(functions): prototype without a definition is a DefinitionError Prototypes (forward declarations) remain legal for functions and procedures, but a prototype must be matched by a definition. State in functions.rst and procedures.rst that a function or procedure that is prototyped but never defined is ill-formed and the compiler must emit a DefinitionError -- the taxonomy's existing error for 'declared but not defined' (impl/errors.rst). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/functions.rst | 5 +++++ gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 5 ++++- 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst index 7065f2c2..5b6f625a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/functions.rst @@ -172,6 +172,11 @@ function and the definition must be identical. That means the argument names in the prototype are *optional*. If the prototype arguments are given names they do not have to match the argument names in the function definition. +A prototype is only a forward *declaration*, not a definition: it must be +matched by a definition elsewhere in the program. A function that is prototyped +but never defined is :term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a +``DefinitionError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + .. _ssec:function_vec_mat: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index e1ffdd0d..02477657 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -149,7 +149,10 @@ Procedure Declarations ---------------------- Procedures can use :ref:`forward declaration ` -just like functions. +just like functions. As with a function, a procedure prototype is only a +forward *declaration* and must be matched by a definition elsewhere in the +program; a procedure that is prototyped but never defined is :term:`ill-formed`, +and the compiler must emit a ``DefinitionError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). .. _ssec:procedure_main: From 222ddd1049d178ce3d672ad5c67a37c4f69829a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:21:18 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 74/84] docs(arrays): allow scalar broadcast in a rank-1 dot product Make explicit that a scalar operand of ** broadcasts to a rank-1 array's length, since a rank-1 array has a single (unambiguous) dimension: [1, 2, 3] ** 4 is the dot product [1, 2, 3] ** [4, 4, 4] == 24. Generalize matrix.rst's scalar-broadcast rule from 'square matrices and equal-extent hypercubes' to 'operands whose extents are all equal', which a rank-1 array trivially satisfies. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 6 ++++++ gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 6 ++++-- 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index 5899ec86..d474f112 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -323,6 +323,12 @@ Operations /* 1 * 4 + 2 * 5 + 3 * 6 = 32 */ integer dot = v ** u; /* Perform a dot product */ + A :term:`scalar ` operand broadcasts to the other operand's + length here, just as it does for element-wise array operations: because a + rank-1 array has a single dimension, the broadcast shape is unambiguous. + Thus a scalar may be dotted with a rank-1 array -- ``[1, 2, 3] ** 4`` is + the dot product ``[1, 2, 3] ** [4, 4, 4]``, i.e. ``1*4 + 2*4 + 3*4 == 24``. + d. Range diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index f85d2380..e9868cf1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -111,8 +111,10 @@ scalar ``s`` paired with an :math:`n \times n` matrix is filled into an :math:`n \times n` matrix whose every element is ``s`` before the multiplication. If the other operand is not square the scalar cannot be broadcast and the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). -Scalars broadcast this way only to square matrices (and, for higher-rank -arrays, to hypercubes whose extents are all equal); *Gazprea* does **not** +Scalars broadcast this way only to ``**`` operands whose extents are all equal -- +a rank-1 array (trivially, since it has a single extent, so a scalar may be +dotted with a vector; see the :ref:`dot product `), a square +matrix, or a higher-rank hypercube with equal extents; *Gazprea* does **not** provide comprehensive broadcasting. See :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by From dbe97950c0df4407ed503cfe5455e0e8ba5c8fbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:52:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 75/84] docs(vectors): specify single- vs multi-element declaration resolution A vector declaration vector v = E is resolved into exactly one of two cases by the rank of E, which are mutually exclusive so no tie-break is needed. Single-element: E is a scalar or a same-rank array cast/broadcast to T (a fixed-size element is padded to T's size -- vector v = [4,5] is [[4,5,0]]); the vector has one element. Multi-element: E has the rank of T[] (one higher), and each element must be implicitly castable to T. Any other rank is a TypeError. This removes the flat-literal ambiguity: [1,2] for vector is one element ([[1,2]]) while [[1,2]] is a one-element multi declaration ([[1,2]]). append/push now use the identical single-vs-multi test. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index 0ebbb181..e561a61c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -59,6 +59,38 @@ Below are some examples of ``vector`` declarations. const vector v6 = 1; // [1.0] +A vector declaration ``vector v = E`` is resolved in exactly one of two ways, +chosen by the rank of the right-hand side ``E`` relative to the element type +``T``. The two cases are mutually exclusive, so there is never any ambiguity +about how many elements the vector has: + +- **Single-element declaration** -- ``E`` is a :term:`scalar `, or + an array of the same rank as ``T``, and is implicitly cast or broadcast to + ``T``. The vector then has exactly **one** element: ``E`` converted to ``T``. A + scalar is broadcast to fill that element; a same-rank array is cast to ``T`` + element-wise and, when ``T`` is a fixed-size array, fitted to ``T``'s size by + the usual :ref:`array-to-array rules ` -- a shorter + value is **padded** with the element type's :term:`zero value`, a longer one is + a ``SizeError``. So ``vector v = [4, 5]`` is the one-element + ``[[4, 5]]``, and ``vector v = [4, 5]`` is the one-element + ``[[4, 5, 0]]`` (the ``integer[2]`` value is padded to ``integer[3]``). + +- **Multi-element declaration** -- ``E`` has the rank of the vector's underlying + array type ``T[]``, one rank higher than ``T``. Each element of ``E`` must be + implicitly castable to ``T`` (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`); the vector holds + those elements, in order, each converted to ``T``. + +Any other rank of ``E`` is a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A scalar is +always the single-element case, so ``vector v = 42`` is ``[42]``; to +supply several elements you write the literal one rank deeper. The two spellings +can therefore denote the same value: for ``const vector a = [1, 2]`` +the right-hand side is a single ``integer[*]`` element, so ``a == [[1, 2]]``, +while ``const vector a = [[1, 2]]`` is a multi-element declaration +with one element, so ``a == [[1, 2]]`` as well. When ``T`` is an inferred-size +array (``T[*]``), the element(s) selected by whichever case applies fix that +inferred size once, as described next. + + A ``vector`` -- a vector whose element is an inferred-size array -- fixes that element size (the ``*``) exactly once, from the **first array value that enters the vector**, and fits every later element to it: a shorter array is @@ -201,11 +233,12 @@ The methods are: - ``len()`` (function) - number of elements in the vector - ``append(x)`` (procedure) - append to the vector, where ``T`` is the element - type: if ``x`` is a single value implicitly castable to ``T`` it is cast to - ``T`` and appended as a single element; otherwise ``x`` must be an array - whose elements are each implicitly castable to ``T``, and its elements are - appended in order. When both readings apply, the single-element reading is - used. + type. ``x`` is split into elements of ``T`` by the same single-versus-multi + test as a vector declaration (see :ref:`sssec:vec_decl`): if ``x`` is a scalar + or an array of the same rank as ``T`` it is cast to ``T`` and appended as a + **single** element; if ``x`` has the rank of ``T[]`` (one higher than ``T``) + each of its elements is cast to ``T`` and they are appended **in order**. The + two cases are mutually exclusive, so no tie-break is needed. :: From 1bd554c83cf359d1b382ac2c142641e813d86ec6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 13:15:23 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 76/84] docs(structs): nominal struct identity; lexically scoped types State that structs are nominal -- a struct's identity is the declaration that introduced it, not its field layout -- so two definitions with identical fields (or the same name in different scopes) are distinct types, while a typealias introduces no new type and transparently carries its target's identity. Type names now live in a lexically scoped type namespace: a struct or typealias defined in a function/procedure is local and shadows any outer name of the same kind, and does not leak to global scope. Allow typealias (including the typealias struct form) in local scopes, reversing the previous global-only rule; a duplicate in the same scope is still a SymbolError, while an inner redefinition shadows. Add a worked example showing which struct comparisons are legal across a global/local S and its alias Pair. Updates typealias.rst, struct.rst, and namespaces.rst. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst | 7 +++ gazprea/spec/typealias.rst | 19 ++++---- gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 3 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst index aadaeff1..16ace7fb 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/namespaces.rst @@ -13,6 +13,13 @@ Items in separate namespaces may share an :term:`identifier`. Items within the same namespace cannot share an identifier; the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +Both namespaces are :term:`lexically scoped `. The no-sharing rule +applies within a single scope; a name introduced in an inner scope -- a local +variable, or a type defined by a local ``struct`` or ``typealias`` -- **shadows** +any outer name of the same namespace for the extent of that scope and does not +leak back out. In particular, a type defined inside a function or procedure is +not added to the global type namespace. + A ``struct``'s field names are **not** a third namespace. Each ``struct`` introduces its own :term:`declaration scope ` for its fields -- the same mechanism by which a block or a function body scopes its local names -- so a diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst index a38c6c14..9491947a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst @@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ Typealias Custom names for types can be defined using ``typealias``. A type alias does not introduce a new type: the alias name and the original type are the same type by strong equivalence, and the two names may be used interchangeably -anywhere a type is expected. Type aliases may only appear at global scope; -a ``typealias`` declared within a function or procedure body must emit a -``StatementError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A type alias may use any -valid identifier for the name of the type. After the type alias has been -defined, the new name may be used anywhere the original type could be used -- -in global or local declarations, and in function or procedure signatures and +anywhere a type is expected. A ``typealias`` may be declared at global scope or inside a function or +procedure body. A local alias is :term:`scoped ` to the block that +contains it and **shadows** any outer alias or type of the same name for the +rest of that block, without affecting the outer name outside it (two aliases +sharing a name in the *same* scope remain a conflict; see below). A type alias +may use any valid identifier for the name of the type. After the type alias has +been defined, the new name may be used anywhere the original type could be used +-- in global or local declarations, and in function or procedure signatures and bodies. For instance: :: @@ -62,8 +64,9 @@ also be defined in terms of another ``typealias``: typealias integer int; typealias int also_int; -The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for -duplicate alias names. +The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for two aliases +that share a name *in the same scope*. (A local alias that shares its name with +one in an enclosing scope is not a conflict -- it shadows it, as above.) :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 1b0b8d99..8e591acc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -60,14 +60,15 @@ A mutable struct instance such as ``var struct s1 (...) t1;`` (or the split Type Aliasing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A struct type can be given a :ref:`type alias `. As with any -type alias, the ``typealias`` declaration itself may only appear at global -scope (see :ref:`sec:typealias`); it may not appear inside a function or -procedure body, even though a plain struct *definition* may. The combined form -below both defines the struct type ``S`` and introduces ``Pair`` as an alias -for it: the struct's own name ``S`` remains usable, for example as a literal -constructor. Once declared, the alias may be used in place of the struct's type -name in type positions. It may not, however, be used as a literal constructor. +A struct type can be given a :ref:`type alias `. Like any type +alias (see :ref:`sec:typealias`), and like a plain struct *definition*, the +``typealias struct`` form may appear at global scope or inside a function or +procedure body; a local one is :term:`scoped ` to its block and shadows +any outer type or alias of the same name. The combined form below both defines +the struct type ``S`` and introduces ``Pair`` as an alias for it: the struct's +own name ``S`` remains usable, for example as a literal constructor. Once +declared, the alias may be used in place of the struct's type name in type +positions. It may not, however, be used as a literal constructor. :: @@ -182,14 +183,56 @@ sections :ref:`sec:typeCasting` and :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. .. _sssec:struct_namespacing: -Struct Namespacing -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Struct type identifiers share the global type namespace with every other -user-defined type. A struct's field identifiers are not a namespace of their -own: each struct introduces its own :term:`declaration scope ` for its -fields, so a field name may coincide with a type, a -variable/function/procedure, or a field of another struct, while the fields -*within* one struct must be distinct. See :ref:`sec:namespaces` for the full -rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised when a struct declares two fields -with the same name. +Struct Namespacing and Type Identity +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Struct type identifiers live in the :ref:`type namespace `, +which is :term:`lexically scoped `: a struct defined at global scope is +visible program-wide, while a struct defined inside a function or procedure +belongs only to that block and is **not** propagated outward. A struct +definition whose name matches one in an enclosing scope *shadows* it for the +rest of the block, just as a local variable shadows an outer one. + +Structs are **nominal**: a struct's type identity is the *declaration* that +introduced it, not its field layout. Each ``struct`` (or ``typealias struct``) +declaration mints a fresh, distinct type, so two struct definitions have +different types even when their fields are identical -- including a local +definition that shadows a global one under the same name. A ``typealias``, by +contrast, introduces **no** new type: an alias is a transparent synonym that +carries the identity of whatever type it names (see :ref:`sec:typealias`), so an +alias of a struct *is* that struct's nominal type. + +A variable's struct type is fixed at its declaration to whichever definition is +then in scope; a later redefinition of the name does not change it. Since +comparing two different struct types is a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sssec:struct_ops`), this fixes exactly which comparisons are legal: + +:: + + typealias struct S(integer a, integer b) Pair; // global S; Pair == global S + + function f() returns integer { + S s1 = S(a: 2, b: 3); // s1 : global S + Pair p1 = S(a: 2, b: 3); // p1 : Pair, i.e. global S + + // A new, distinct type despite identical fields; Pair now aliases it: + typealias struct S(integer a, integer b) Pair; // local S + + S s2 = S(a: 2, b: 3); // s2 : local S + Pair p2 = S(a: 2, b: 3); // p2 : local S + + s1 == p1 -> std_output; // T: both global S, equal field values + s2 == p2 -> std_output; // T: both local S + s1 == s2 -> std_output; // TypeError: global S vs local S + p1 == p2 -> std_output; // TypeError: global S vs local S + s1 == p2 -> std_output; // TypeError: global S vs local S + s2 == p1 -> std_output; // TypeError: local S vs global S + return 1; + } + +A struct's field identifiers are not a namespace of their own: each struct +introduces its own :term:`declaration scope ` for its fields, so a field +name may coincide with a type, a variable/function/procedure, or a field of +another struct, while the fields *within* one struct must be distinct. See +:ref:`sec:namespaces` for the full rules, including the ``SymbolError`` raised +when a struct declares two fields with the same name. From 44677eceffe293ee390f728c6af7195b7dfe882b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:27:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 77/84] docs(arrays): audit fixes for slicing bounds, indexing, and examples statements.rst: reset the column counter in the 3x3-square example so it actually prints a square; note that the single-statement post-predicated loop needs unbounded lookahead; make arrays the normative home for the array-valued-index prohibition and cross-reference it here. array.rst: state the in-bounds range for negative indices (-n..-1) and that a negative *left* slice bound is an IndexError while a negative right bound resolves from the end (including the two-sided i..-j form); change 'most binary operations' to 'every' with ==/!= called out as the sole collapsing exception; add two missing semicolons. matrix.rst: reorder the scalar-** broadcast paragraph so it no longer splits the m x n dimension rule; state that an empty matrix is 0x0 (rows and columns both 0). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/statements.rst | 20 +++++++++++------ gazprea/spec/types/array.rst | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 17 +++++++++------ 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst index 38d09ae2..32df2d00 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/statements.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/statements.rst @@ -45,13 +45,11 @@ to the type of the variable. If it does not, the compiler must emit a Assignments can also be more complicated than this with arrays and tuples. With arrays indices may be provided in order to change the value of an array -element. In *Gazprea*, an array cannot be indexed with an array *value*: -``v[w]`` is illegal whenever ``w`` evaluates to an array value, even one -holding a range (this covers array variables, expressions, and function -calls that return an array alike); the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). Range syntax written directly inside -an index position is not an array-valued index; it forms a slice -(see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). +element. As in any indexing context, an array cannot be indexed with an array +*value* -- see the :ref:`indexing rules ` for the normative +statement and its ``TypeError`` -- and a range written directly inside an index +position is not an array-valued index but forms a +:ref:`slice `. For instance, with single dimensional arrays: :: @@ -411,6 +409,13 @@ required semicolon are what distinguish a post-predicated loop from a plain x -> std_output; "\n" -> std_output; } while (x < 10); +The single-statement post-predicated form (``loop ; while (cond);``) is +distinguished from a plain :ref:`infinite loop ` whose +body is that same statement only by the trailing ``while``, so the two +productions can diverge arbitrarily far into the input. *ANTLR*'s adaptive +``LL(*)`` prediction resolves this without special effort, but a hand-written or +fixed-lookahead ``LL(k)`` grammar will need care around this production. + .. _sssec:statements_iter_loop: Iterator Loop @@ -487,6 +492,7 @@ actually contains the ``break``. loop while (y < 3) { y = y + 1; + x = 0; /* reset the column counter at the start of each row */ /* Normally this would loop forever, but the break exits this inner loop */ loop { diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst index d474f112..8f9253fc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/array.rst @@ -379,8 +379,12 @@ Operations the array. An array may be indexed using an integer, in which case the index yields a single element, or using range syntax written directly at the index position, in which case the index yields a - slice (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). An array *value* — including - a range bound to a variable — is not a legal index. + slice (see :ref:`sssec:array_slices`). An array *value* is **not** a legal + index: ``v[w]`` is illegal whenever ``w`` evaluates to an array value -- + even one holding a range, and whether it comes from an array variable, an + expression, or a function call -- and the compiler must emit a + ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). A range written *directly* inside an + index position is not an array-valued index; it forms a slice. *Gazprea* is 1-indexed, so the first element of an array is at index 1 (as opposed to index 0 in languages like *C*). For instance: @@ -388,7 +392,7 @@ Operations integer[3] v = [4, 5, 6]; integer x = v[2]; /* x == 5 */ - integer y = [4,5,6][3] /* y == 6 */ + integer y = [4,5,6][3]; /* y == 6 */ Like Python, *Gazprea* allows negative indices, which are interpreted as starting from the *back* of the array instead of the front: @@ -397,10 +401,13 @@ Operations integer[3] v = [4, 5, 6]; integer x = v[-2]; /* x == 5 */ - integer y = [4,5,6][-1] /* y == 6 */ + integer y = [4,5,6][-1]; /* y == 6 */ - The compiler must emit an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for - an out-of-bounds index, at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. + A negative index ``-k`` refers to element ``n + 1 - k``, so ``-1`` is the + last element and ``-n`` the first. An index is in bounds when it lies in + ``1..n`` or in ``-n..-1``; ``0``, or any magnitude past ``n`` in either + direction, is out of bounds, and the compiler must emit an ``IndexError`` + (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. f. Slices @@ -423,11 +430,15 @@ Operations ``nv`` would have a value of ``[not true, not false, not true, not true] = [false, true, false, false]``. - Similarly, most binary operations that are valid for the element type of an + Similarly, every binary operation that is valid for the element type of an array may also be applied to two arrays. When applied to two arrays of the same size, the result of the binary operation is an array formed by the element-wise application of the binary operation - to the array operands. + to the array operands. The sole exceptions are the equality operators + ``==`` and ``!=``, which collapse to a single ``boolean`` rather than a + ``boolean`` array (see below); the ordering comparisons ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, + ``>=`` are *not* exceptions -- they apply element-wise and yield a ``boolean`` + array. :: @@ -592,11 +603,15 @@ other array value: integer y = s[1]; /* y == 2 */ -After resolving any negative bound, both ``i`` and ``j`` in ``a[i..j]`` must -lie between ``1`` and ``n + 1`` inclusive (a slice may stop just past the last -element); a bound outside that range is an ``IndexError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`), at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`, exactly as -for a single-element index. +The **right** bound of a slice may be negative: ``-j`` counts from the end, +resolving to ``n + 1 - j`` (so ``..-1`` stops just before the last element), and +this applies equally in the two-sided form ``a[i..-j]``. The **left** bound may +**not** be negative -- a negative left bound is an ``IndexError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). After resolving any negative right bound, both ``i`` and +``j`` in ``a[i..j]`` must lie between ``1`` and ``n + 1`` inclusive (a slice may +stop just past the last element); a bound outside that range is an +``IndexError``, at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`, exactly as for a +single-element index. A slice whose (in-bounds) left bound is greater than its right bound, such as ``a[4..2]``, is **not** an error: like a range value with a negative difference diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index e9868cf1..9e9d7ad0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ literal ``[]`` is the empty rank-2 array, written ``[[]]``: integer[*][*] m = []; /* m == [[]], an empty rank-2 array */ Like an empty 1-D array, an empty matrix has its (zero) dimensions fixed at -:term:`initialization` and is not growable. +:term:`initialization` and is not growable. Both of its dimensions are zero: +``rows(m)`` and ``columns(m)`` are each ``0`` (a 0x0 matrix, notwithstanding the +``[[]]`` notation). .. _sssec:matrix_ops: @@ -105,7 +107,13 @@ types, and the dimensions of the matrices must be valid for performing matrix multiplication. When the two operands have differing element types (e.g. ``integer ** real``), each element is implicitly cast to a common type (see :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`) before multiplication, just as for element-wise -binary operations. When one operand of ``**`` is a scalar it can be broadcast to a matrix operand +binary operations. Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number +of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by +an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. +If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). + +When one operand of ``**`` is a scalar it can be broadcast to a matrix operand of matrix multiplication **only if the other operand is a square matrix**: a scalar ``s`` paired with an :math:`n \times n` matrix is filled into an :math:`n \times n` matrix whose every element is ``s`` before the @@ -116,11 +124,6 @@ a rank-1 array (trivially, since it has a single extent, so a scalar may be dotted with a vector; see the :ref:`dot product `), a square matrix, or a higher-rank hypercube with equal extents; *Gazprea* does **not** provide comprehensive broadcasting. See :ref:`sec:implicitCasts`. -Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number -of rows of the second operand, e.g. an :math:`m \times n` matrix multiplied by -an :math:`n \times p` matrix will produce an :math:`m \times p` matrix. -If the dimensions are not correct the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` -(see :ref:`sec:errors`). More generally, ``**`` is defined for numeric arrays of **any** rank as the single-axis contraction familiar from linear algebra: the **last** dimension of From 2aeb95259bc06e524ef6136ee86a73907bee19ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:32:40 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 78/84] docs(types): audit fixes across the type and expression pages expressions: note that >=3-iterator generators are a future addition and that the SyntaxError is a legitimate post-parse syntactic check. integer: reword 'mandatory -ffast-math' as required-to-be-supported-but-off-by-default. real: use an IEEE-754-exact % example (5.5 % 2.0 == 1.5) and note that real == is bit-exact. character: a \x escape with no hex digit is a LiteralError. boolean: add the non-short-circuit divide-by-zero trap example. vector: replace the confusing |type| metasyntax with named placeholders; make push(x)/append(x) notation uniform. tuple/struct: a type with fewer than two members is a TypeError; note the t1.1 real-literal lexer pitfall and that tuple index errors are compile-time. string: note that growth needs a var receiver (const string is fixed). comments: unterminated block comment is a SyntaxError. type_casting: integer->character uses the non-negative mod (as(-1) is 0xFF), and an empty-literal cast is a TypeError. typealias: add the missing return 0 to the example. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/comments.rst | 3 ++- gazprea/spec/expressions.rst | 17 ++++++++++------- gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst | 12 ++++++++---- gazprea/spec/typealias.rst | 1 + gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst | 5 ++++- gazprea/spec/types/character.rst | 4 ++++ gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst | 5 +++-- gazprea/spec/types/real.rst | 7 +++++-- gazprea/spec/types/string.rst | 12 ++++++++++++ gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst | 4 +++- gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst | 17 ++++++++++++----- gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst | 19 +++++++++++-------- 12 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/comments.rst b/gazprea/spec/comments.rst index 20a4d9f9..e43c89d1 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/comments.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/comments.rst @@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ comment is the **first** occurrence of the sequence of characters Block comments cannot be nested because the comment finishes when it reaches the first closing sequence. For example, the following is -:term:`ill-formed` (the second ``*/`` has no matching ``/*``): +:term:`ill-formed` (the second ``*/`` has no matching ``/*``); the compiler must +emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst index 9b22de60..138fdb6b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/expressions.rst @@ -89,13 +89,16 @@ therefore one of the ways an array's length becomes fixed at A generator creates a value of a 1D array type when one :term:`iterator variable` is used, and a 2D array type when two iterator variables are used. -Supplying any other number of iterator variables is :term:`ill-formed` and is -reported through *Gazprea*'s standard error taxonomy rather than as a -generator-specific error: the compiler must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`). -In particular, *Gazprea* does not currently support generators over -three or more iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays -with three or more dimensions). +Supplying any other number of iterator variables is :term:`ill-formed`: the +compiler must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). This is a +*syntactic* rejection even though a natural grammar would accept it -- the +grammar need not encode the "one or two iterator variables" restriction; it may +instead be enforced during syntactic validation after parsing, which is a +legitimate place to raise a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). In +particular, *Gazprea* does not currently support generators over three or more +iterator variables (no direct construction of arrays with three or more +dimensions); higher-dimensional generators are a planned addition to a future +revision of this specification. The :term:`domain` in a domain expression is any array-typed value: static arrays, dynamically-sized :ref:`vectors `, diff --git a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst index faddbdc4..46d8749a 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/type_casting.rst @@ -48,9 +48,12 @@ the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): A ``character`` is interpreted as an **unsigned** byte when cast to a numeric type, so ``character`` to ``integer`` (or ``real``) yields a value in ``0`` to ``255`` -- for example ``as('\xFF')`` is ``255``, not ``-1``. This is -the inverse of the ``integer`` to ``character`` rule (the unsigned value taken -mod 256). For printable *ASCII* characters (``0`` to ``127``) this is exactly -the *ASCII* code. +the inverse of the ``integer`` to ``character`` rule, under which an ``integer`` +``n`` becomes the byte ``n`` reduced modulo 256 into the range ``0`` to ``255`` +-- the mathematical, non-negative remainder, so ``as(-1)`` is +``0xFF`` (= ``255``) and ``as(256)`` is ``0x00`` (the null character). +For printable *ASCII* characters (``0`` to ``127``) this is exactly the *ASCII* +code. .. _ssec:typeCasting_stovm: @@ -99,7 +102,8 @@ truncation happens only when a concrete size is given. For example: real[2] y = as(v); A cast of a non-variable empty array literal ``[]`` is :term:`ill-formed`, -because a literal empty array does not have a type. +because a literal empty array does not have a type; the compiler must emit a +``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). .. _ssec:typeCasting_mtom: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst index 9491947a..0a85b999 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/typealias.rst @@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ folding of scalar literals but also constant propagation through other typealias integer[1 + 3 - 2] vec_of_two; procedure main() returns integer { vec_of_two v = 1..4; + return 0; } The compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) on line 3 diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst index 850fdcdc..b8151ff7 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/boolean.rst @@ -49,7 +49,10 @@ not equals ``!=`` ``bool-expr != bool-expr`` Unlike many languages, the ``and`` and ``or`` operators do not `short-circuit evaluation `__. Therefore, both the left hand side and right hand side of an expression -must always be evaluated. +must always be evaluated. This has a practical consequence: a guard like +``x != 0 and 1/x > 0`` does **not** protect the division -- ``1/x`` is evaluated +even when ``x`` is ``0``, raising a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`ssec:integer` and +:ref:`sec:errors`). To guard a fallible expression, nest an ``if`` instead. Operator precedence and associativity are specified once, for all types, in the diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst index cea5336a..80d3c746 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/character.rst @@ -58,6 +58,10 @@ Backslash ``\\`` ``0x5C`` Hex escape ``\xH[H]`` ``0x00`` to ``0xFF`` =============== =================== =============== +A hex escape must be followed by at least one hexadecimal digit (``\xH`` or +``\xHH``); a ``\x`` with no following hex digit is :term:`ill-formed`, and the +compiler must emit a ``LiteralError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). + .. _sssec:character_ops: Operations diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst index 45147476..8f7d14dc 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/integer.rst @@ -92,8 +92,9 @@ exponentiation where the base is ``0`` and the exponent is ``<= 0``, cause the implementation to raise a ``MathError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. -The sole exception is under the mandatory ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag, under -which every one of these integer faults -- overflow, divide by ``0``, ``%`` by +The sole exception is under the ``-ffast-math`` compiler flag -- which every +conforming implementation must support, but which is off unless explicitly +enabled -- under which every one of these integer faults -- overflow, divide by ``0``, ``%`` by ``0``, and exponentiation of base ``0`` with a non-positive exponent -- becomes :term:`undefined behavior` instead of raising a ``MathError``. This is the only construct in which *Gazprea* leaves behavior undefined, and it is provided diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst index 065c63d6..6752cb6b 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/real.rst @@ -56,8 +56,11 @@ Operations Floating-point operations are equivalent to :ref:`integer operations `. -The ``%`` operator is defined on ``real`` operands as the decimal -remainder, e.g. ``6.77 % 4.21 == 2.56``. +The ``%`` operator is defined on ``real`` operands as the decimal remainder; for +example ``5.5 % 2.0 == 1.5``. Because ``==`` on reals is exact IEEE 754 equality +(bit-for-bit), such an equation holds only when the operands and the result are +all exactly representable; approximate numeric equality is not provided and would +require a user-defined tolerance comparison. Real values always use the IEEE 754 representation and semantics for not-a-number (``NaN``), the signed infinities (``Infinity``), and signed diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst index e4dd8df2..282386e3 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/string.rst @@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ Because a ``string`` *is* a ``vector``, it is runtime-sized and unbounded like any other vector: its length is simply the length of its underlying character sequence, which may grow (for example through the ``push`` and ``append`` methods). There is no separate sized or bounded string type. +Growth needs a mutable receiver, though: ``push`` and ``append`` require a +``var`` string, and -- as with every declaration -- a ``string`` is ``const`` by +default, so a ``const string`` (or one whose qualifier is elided) is effectively +fixed for its lifetime: + +:: + + var string greeting = "hi"; + call greeting.append(" there"); // greeting == "hi there" + call greeting.push('!'); // greeting == "hi there!" + + const string fixed = "constant"; // const by default; it cannot grow Although a ``string`` and a plain ``character`` array behave alike in most respects, *Gazprea* still treats the two differently in a couple of places: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst index 8e591acc..f9c88eb6 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/struct.rst @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ struct, including arrays of any rank (a matrix is the rank-2 case), depth (subject to the :ref:`acyclicity rule `). Only :ref:`streams` may not be stored within a struct. Also like -tuples, structs must contain *at least two fields*. +tuples, structs must contain *at least two fields*; a ``struct`` type with fewer +than two fields is :term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). .. _sssec:struct_decl: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst index e2de427a..eb3e2840 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/tuple.rst @@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ Declaration A tuple value is declared with the keyword ``tuple`` followed by a parentheses-surrounded, comma-separated list of types. The list must -contain *at least two elements*. As with any other type, a tuple variable +contain *at least two elements*; a ``tuple`` type with fewer than two members is +:term:`ill-formed`, and the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). As with any other type, a tuple variable is mutable only when declared ``var`` (see :ref:`sec:typeQualifiers`). For example: @@ -49,10 +51,15 @@ be applied to tuple *variables*: applying it to a non-variable -- the result of an expression, or a tuple literal -- must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`), exactly as for :ref:`struct field access `. Dot notation means an identifier followed by a period and then a literal -integer. Spaces are not allowed between elements in dot notation. -Field indices *start at one*, not zero. An index less than one or -greater than the tuple's number of fields causes the compiler to emit -an ``IndexError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). For example: +integer. Spaces are not allowed between elements in dot notation. Because a real +literal may begin with a period (``.1`` denotes ``0.1``; see :ref:`ssec:real`), +a naive lexer can mis-tokenize ``t1.1`` as ``t1`` followed by the real ``.1``; +an implementation must lex the ``.`` after a tuple variable as the field-access +operator, not absorb it into a real literal. +Field indices *start at one*, not zero. Because a tuple index is a literal, an +index less than one or greater than the tuple's number of fields is caught at +:term:`compile time`, and the compiler must emit an ``IndexError`` (see +:ref:`sec:errors`). For example: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst index e561a61c..bafa5fed 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/vector.rst @@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ stored into it, and fits every later element to that size (see below). Declaration ~~~~~~~~~~~ -Vectors are declared and (optionally) initialized as follows. -(Note that we have replaced ``<>`` with ``|`` in the notation below since -the literals ``<`` and ``>`` are used in the declaration) +Vectors are declared and (optionally) initialized as follows, where +``qualifier``, ``elem-type``, ``id``, and ``value`` are placeholders (the angle +brackets of ``vector<...>`` are literal): :: - [] vector<|type|> |identifier|; - [] vector<|type|> |identifier| = |type-expr|; - [] vector<|type|> |identifier| = |type-array|; + [qualifier] vector id; + [qualifier] vector id = value; + [qualifier] vector id = array-value; Unlike the array type, *Gazprea* vectors do not have an explicit size @@ -227,8 +227,11 @@ As a language-supported object, *Gazprea* provides methods for ``vector`` The methods are: -- ``push(T)`` (procedure) - pushes a new element to the back of the vector, - where ``T`` is the element type of the vector +- ``push(x)`` (procedure) - pushes ``x`` onto the back of the vector as a single + new element; ``x`` is cast to the element type ``T`` exactly as in the + single-element case of ``append`` and of a + :ref:`vector declaration ` (a scalar broadcasts, a shorter + array pads) - ``len()`` (function) - number of elements in the vector From 14fbced0ccbff835fcd257fd0a665d286056d615 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:35:02 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 79/84] docs(procedures): audit fixes for call positions, aliasing, scoping procedures: clarify that a procedure call is a single-target assignment/declaration RHS and cannot be the source of a tuple-unpacking assignment (bind to one variable, then unpack); name the SyntaxError for the procedure = form; state that AliasingError is always compile-time using the conservative same-backing-array rule; fix the indentation of the 'Legal' call block. declarations: make the self-initializer rule crisp -- a reference in a declaration's own initializer resolves to an enclosing binding if one exists, and is a SymbolError only when none does. constexpr: name GlobalError for a bad global initializer and note that a non-constexpr typealias size is not strictly exercised by the test battery. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst | 9 ++++++--- gazprea/spec/declarations.rst | 11 +++++++---- gazprea/spec/procedures.rst | 20 +++++++++++++++----- 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst index a2db905f..d1293435 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/constexpr.rst @@ -47,9 +47,12 @@ variable is a ``constexpr``, the compiler must trace its entire dependency chain. If the chain ever depends on a :term:`run time` value, the check fails. -A context that requires a ``constexpr`` (a global initializer, see -:ref:`sec:global`, or a typealias size, see :ref:`sec:typealias`) reports -that context's own error when this check fails. +A context that requires a ``constexpr`` -- a global initializer (see +:ref:`sec:global`) or a ``typealias`` size (see :ref:`sec:typealias`) -- reports +that context's own error when this check fails: a ``GlobalError`` for a global. +For a ``typealias`` size the specification does not mandate a specific error, and +the test battery is permissive here -- an implementation that accepts a +non-``constexpr`` size, or diagnoses it late, is not penalized. The only expressions that *must* be ``constexpr`` are global constants and the size expressions used to parameterize a ``typealias`` (see diff --git a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst index d9a6f6af..bc30019f 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/declarations.rst @@ -85,10 +85,13 @@ initialization statement is therefore :term:`ill-formed`. integer i = i; integer[10] v = v[1] * 2; -The compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) for the -use of undeclared variables in these cases. If a variable of the same name -is declared in an enclosing :term:`scope`, then it is legal to use that in -the initialization of a variable with the same name. For instance: +Since the name being declared is not yet in scope during its own initializer, +the reference resolves as usual to the nearest *enclosing*-scope binding of that +name, if one exists; only when there is no such outer binding is this a reference +to an undeclared variable, for which the compiler must emit a ``SymbolError`` +(see :ref:`sec:errors`). So ``integer i = i;`` at the outermost scope is a +``SymbolError``, whereas the same text nested inside a scope that already binds +``i`` legally reads the outer ``i``. For instance: :: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst index 02477657..0b5c1e9e 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/procedures.rst @@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ A procedure call may appear only in one of three positions: - as the procedure being called in a ``call`` statement. This is the single authoritative list of those positions. A procedure call -may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. +may not be used as the control expression of a control-flow statement. The +"right-hand side of an assignment" is a *single*-target assignment or +declaration: a procedure that returns a ``tuple`` is bound to one variable first +(``var t = p();``), and it may **not** appear directly as the source of a +:ref:`tuple-unpacking assignment ` such as ``a, b = p();``. To +destructure the result, unpack the bound variable instead (``a, b = t;``). Argument position is deliberately **not** on this list: a procedure call may not appear as an argument to another call -- neither to a procedure call nor to @@ -64,7 +69,8 @@ Syntax Procedures are almost exactly the same as functions. However, because procedures can cause side effects, the returns clause is optional. Due to this, the ``= ;`` declaration format is not available for -procedures. For example, the following code is :term:`ill-formed`: +procedures. For example, the following code is :term:`ill-formed`, and the +compiler must emit a ``SyntaxError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`): :: @@ -235,7 +241,11 @@ such arguments, where at least one is bound to a ``var`` parameter, is :term:`ill-formed`. This helps *Gazprea* compilers perform more optimizations. However, the compiler must be able to catch cases where mutable memory locations are aliased, and must emit an ``AliasingError`` (see -:ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected. For instance: +:ref:`sec:errors`) when this is detected. ``AliasingError`` is always a +:term:`compile-time ` diagnosis: since exact overlap is +undecidable, the check uses the conservative *same-backing-array* rule -- two +arguments that name the same array, or slices of it, are treated as aliasing +even when their accessed ranges are disjoint. For instance: :: @@ -254,8 +264,8 @@ locations are aliased, and must emit an ``AliasingError`` (see call p(x, y, x, x); /* Argument a is mutable and aliased with c and d. */ /* Legal */ - call p(x, y, z, z); - /* Even though 'z' is aliased with 'c' and 'd' they are both const. */ + call p(x, y, z, z); + /* Even though 'z' is aliased with 'c' and 'd' they are both const. */ return 0; } From 2d6bb28955c8076aade88320b2a95cf5b3e3d7de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:37:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 80/84] docs(streams): EOF character is 0xFF, add lvalue example, reword real input State that an end-of-stream character read yields 0xFF (255), not -1, since characters are unsigned bytes, and that a real 0xFF byte is distinguishable from EOF only via stream_state (the reason it exists); make the two remaining -1 mentions and the state table consistent. Add an array-element lvalue example for input (v[2] <- std_input) and cross-reference expressions. Reword the real-input whitespace rule to mean the sign and digits must be contiguous. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/streams.rst | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst index 5be78a4b..1ab0f292 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/streams.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/streams.rst @@ -125,8 +125,17 @@ Input streams use the following syntax: <- std_input; -An :term:`lvalue` may be anything that can appear on the left hand side -of an assignment statement. +An :term:`lvalue` may be anything that can appear on the left hand side of an +assignment statement (see :ref:`sec:expressions`) -- not only a plain variable +but also, for example, an array element: + +:: + + var integer[3] v = [0, 0, 0]; + v[2] <- std_input; // reads a single integer into element 2 of v + +The primitive-only restriction below still applies: the target must designate a +single primitive location. Input streams may only work on the following primitive types: @@ -163,9 +172,14 @@ single read to 512. For each of the allowed types the semantics are given below. Reading a ``character`` from stdin consumes the first byte that can be read -from the stream. If the end of the stream is encountered, then a value of -``-1`` is set. There is no concept of skipping whitespace for characters, since -space and escaped characters must be readable. +from the stream. If the end of the stream is encountered, the character read is +``0xFF`` (``255``) -- ``character`` values are :ref:`unsigned bytes ` +in ``0`` to ``255``, so there is no ``-1`` -- and the end-of-stream +:ref:`error state ` is set. Because a legitimate ``0xFF`` +byte is indistinguishable from end-of-stream by its value alone, a program must +consult :ref:`stream_state ` to tell the two apart; +this is the reason ``stream_state`` exists. There is no concept of skipping +whitespace for characters, since space and escaped characters must be readable. An ``integer`` from stdin can take any legal format described in the :ref:`integer literal ` section. It may also be preceded by @@ -174,9 +188,10 @@ or sign character may be skipped up to the limit imposed by the 512 byte read restriction. A ``real`` input from stdin can take any legal format described in the -:ref:`real literal ` section with the exception that no -whitespace may be present. It may also be preceded by a single negative or -positive sign. Preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same way as integers. +:ref:`real literal ` section. It may be preceded by a single +negative or positive sign, and preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same +way as integers; the sign and the digits of the number itself, however, must be +contiguous -- no whitespace may appear *within* the value. A ``boolean`` input from stdin is either ``T`` or ``F``. Preceding whitespace may be skipped in the same way as integers and reals. @@ -231,7 +246,7 @@ has been issued it returns ``0``. Reading a ``character`` can never set error state 1. The character will either be successfully read, or the end of the stream will be reached: the -read then yields the ``character`` whose 8-bit value is ``-1`` (i.e. +read then yields the ``character`` byte ``0xFF`` (``255``, i.e. ``as(-1)``) and sets state 2. When a read sets error state ``1`` -- which is possible only for ``boolean``, @@ -241,8 +256,8 @@ implicit ``stream_state`` is set to ``1``, and the input stream remains pointing to the same position as before the read occurred. Reaching the end of the stream (state ``2``) instead assigns the value from the Return column of the table below -- the type's zero value for ``boolean``/``integer``/``real``, and -``-1`` (``as(-1)``) for a ``character`` -- and sets ``stream_state`` -to ``2``. +``0xFF`` (``255``, i.e. ``as(-1)``) for a ``character`` -- and sets +``stream_state`` to ``2``. The program below demonstrates 4 reads which set the error states 1,0,0,2 respectively. @@ -289,7 +304,7 @@ Type Situation Return ``stream_state`` Boolean error ``false`` 1 \ end of stream ``false`` 2 Character error N/A N/A -\ end of stream ``-1`` 2 +\ end of stream ``0xFF`` 2 Integer error ``0`` 1 \ end of stream ``0`` 2 Real error ``0.0`` 1 From d16e8b9969131600f665aa9c028380e0a8e1e738 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:41:59 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 81/84] docs(errors): move the error taxonomy into the specification part Add spec/errors.rst as the normative Errors chapter (the set of error classes and when each must be emitted) and move the sec:errors anchor there, so the ~110 cross-references throughout the spec now resolve within the specification part rather than into the implementation book. impl/errors.rst is retitled 'Errors (Implementation)', re-anchored to sec:errors_impl, and back-references the taxonomy; it keeps the reporting mechanics (CompileTimeExceptions.h, the ANTLR listener, run_time_errors.h, examples, tester rules). The new page also blesses raising SyntaxError from a post-parse syntactic-validation pass (for >=3-iterator generators, multi-domain iterator loops, and function-argument qualifiers), and widens IndexError to cover tuple field indices (always compile-time, since a tuple index is a literal). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/impl/errors.rst | 16 +++++-- gazprea/index.rst | 1 + gazprea/spec/errors.rst | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) create mode 100644 gazprea/spec/errors.rst diff --git a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst index 47c868af..237ecc9e 100644 --- a/gazprea/impl/errors.rst +++ b/gazprea/impl/errors.rst @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ -.. _sec:errors: +.. _sec:errors_impl: -Errors -====== +Errors (Implementation) +======================= + +The **normative error taxonomy** -- the set of error classes and the condition +under which each must be emitted -- lives in the specification part, at +:ref:`sec:errors`. This chapter covers only the *mechanics* of reporting those +errors; the per-class notes below are implementation reminders that defer to +that taxonomy. Your implementation is required to report both :term:`compile-time ` and :term:`run-time ` errors. You must use the exceptions defined in ``include/CompileTimeExceptions.h`` and @@ -65,7 +71,9 @@ keyword. throw MainError(1, "program does not have a main procedure"); -Here are the compile-time errors your compiler must throw: +The compiler must throw the following exceptions. Each corresponds to an error +class defined normatively in :ref:`sec:errors`; the notes here add +implementation-specific reminders (line numbers, tester leniency): * ``SyntaxError`` diff --git a/gazprea/index.rst b/gazprea/index.rst index 29a35583..f5709b99 100644 --- a/gazprea/index.rst +++ b/gazprea/index.rst @@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ Hardware Acceleration Laboratory in Markham, ON. spec/globals spec/built_in_functions spec/flags + spec/errors spec/glossary .. toctree:: diff --git a/gazprea/spec/errors.rst b/gazprea/spec/errors.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8407f520 --- /dev/null +++ b/gazprea/spec/errors.rst @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +.. _sec:errors: + +Errors +====== + +Every :term:`ill-formed` *Gazprea* program is rejected with an error drawn from +the fixed taxonomy below; a :term:`well-formed` program produces none. This page +is the **normative** source of that taxonomy -- the set of error classes and the +condition under which each must be emitted. The *mechanics* of reporting them +(which C++ exception class to throw, the ANTLR error listener, the run-time error +functions, and how the test harness reads ``stderr``) are described in the +:ref:`implementation chapter `. + +Each class is *either* a compile-time or a run-time error, but for several of +them the exact moment of detection is left to the implementation: some +conditions (an out-of-bounds index, a division by zero) are undecidable in +general, so an implementation may catch them at :term:`compile time` when it can +prove them and otherwise at :term:`run time`. The prose throughout this +specification therefore says only that the compiler "must emit" a given error, +naming the *class* rather than the phase. + +Compile-time errors +------------------- + +* ``SyntaxError`` -- the program is not syntactically valid. This covers both + errors the parser reports directly and *syntactic* restrictions enforced by a + validation pass **after** parsing (for example a generator with three or more + iterator variables, an iterator loop with more than one domain, or a qualifier + on a function argument). Raising a ``SyntaxError`` from a post-parse pass is a + legitimate strategy; the grammar itself need not reject these constructs. + +* ``SymbolError`` -- an undefined symbol is referenced, or a symbol is re-defined + in the same :term:`scope`. + +* ``TypeError`` -- an operation or statement is applied to, or between, + expressions of invalid or incompatible types. A ``return`` whose value does not + match, and cannot be implicitly cast to, the routine's return type is a + ``TypeError`` (not a ``ReturnError``). + +* ``AliasingError`` -- two arguments that may name the same mutable memory are + passed to a procedure with at least one bound to a ``var`` parameter (see + :ref:`sec:procedure`). This is always a compile-time diagnosis, using the + conservative same-backing-array rule. + +* ``AssignError`` -- an assignment to a ``const`` value, or a tuple-unpacking + assignment whose number of :term:`lvalues ` differs from the number of + fields in the tuple :term:`rvalue`. + +* ``MainError`` -- the program has no ``main`` procedure, or ``main`` has an + :term:`ill-formed` signature (see :ref:`ssec:procedure_main`). + +* ``ReturnError`` -- a function or procedure with a return type has a control + path that reaches its end without a ``return``. + +* ``GlobalError`` -- an illegal global: a ``var`` global, a global with no + initializer or a non-``constexpr`` initializer, a global referencing a name not + yet defined, or a non-declaration statement at global scope (see + :ref:`sec:global`). + +* ``StatementError`` -- the program is syntactically valid but a statement is + used in an invalid context (for example ``break`` or ``continue`` outside a + loop). + +* ``CallError`` -- ``call`` is applied to a function, a procedure is called in an + invalid position, or a procedure method is written without ``call``. + +* ``DefinitionError`` -- a function or procedure is declared (prototyped) but + never defined. + +* ``LiteralError`` -- a literal does not fit its type (for example an integer + literal outside the ``i32`` range, or a ``\x`` escape with no hex digit). + +Run-time errors +--------------- + +The following are classified as run-time errors, but an implementation may +instead detect and report them at :term:`compile time` whenever it can prove them +(for instance when the operands are literals); the test harness accepts either +phase. + +* ``MathError`` -- an integer math fault: signed 32-bit overflow, division or + ``%`` by ``0``, or exponentiation of base ``0`` with a non-positive exponent + (see :ref:`ssec:integer`). ``real`` arithmetic never raises a ``MathError`` + (see :ref:`ssec:real`). Under ``-ffast-math`` these integer faults are + :term:`undefined behavior` instead (see :ref:`sec:flags`). + +* ``IndexError`` -- an index is out of bounds. For an array this is an integer + index outside ``1..n`` or ``-n..-1`` (see :ref:`sssec:array_ops`); for a + :ref:`tuple ` it is a field index outside ``1..k`` which -- because + a tuple index is always a literal -- is necessarily caught at + :term:`compile time`. + +* ``SizeError`` -- an operation or assignment is applied to or between arrays + whose sizes are invalid or incompatible (see :ref:`sssec:array_sizing`). From 8864470f61d6536275846640f932dfaa5a3a1c12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:43:24 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 82/84] docs(builtins): retitle chapter, add signatures and a len/length table Rename the chapter to 'Built-in Functions, Procedures and Methods' (it also documents the stream_state procedure). Add a Signatures section giving each built-in an equivalent Gazprea signature using an exposition-only [T] type-parameter notation, with a note that type parameters are not part of the language and may be added later. Add a Vector and String Methods section that cross-references the vector method spec and a small table contrasting length(x) (built-in; arrays/vectors/strings) with x.len() (method; vectors/strings only, TypeError on arrays). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst index 5bb7cbe2..853bdf5c 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/built_in_functions.rst @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ .. _sec:builtIn: -Built-In Functions -================== +Built-in Functions, Procedures and Methods +=========================================== *Gazprea* has some built-in functions. These built-in functions may have some special behavior that normal functions cannot have, for instance @@ -34,6 +34,55 @@ a non-1-D value, ``rows``/``columns`` on a non-2-D value, or ``format`` on a non-scalar -- is a compile-time error; the compiler must emit a ``TypeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`). +.. _ssec:builtIn_signatures: + +Signatures +---------- + +*Gazprea* has no user-facing type parameters -- they may be added in a future +revision -- but the built-ins are generic over element and scalar types. Their +signatures are therefore written below with a ``[T]`` type-parameter notation +purely for exposition: ``function id[T](T obj) returns T;`` reads as "``id`` is +generic over ``T``". This notation is **not** part of the language. + +:: + + function length[T](T[*] arr) returns integer; // also accepts a vector / string + function rows[T](T[*][*] mat) returns integer; + function columns[T](T[*][*] mat) returns integer; + function reverse[T](T[*] arr) returns T[*]; // also accepts a vector / string + function format[T](T value) returns string; // T is a scalar type + procedure stream_state(var input_stream) returns integer; // notional; see below + +The per-built-in sections below give each domain and its error conditions in +full. + +.. _ssec:builtIn_methods: + +Vector and String Methods +------------------------- + +In addition to these free-standing built-ins, ``vector`` and ``string`` values +carry **methods** -- ``push``, ``append``, and ``len`` -- invoked with receiver +syntax (``v.len()``). These are specified with the type, in +:ref:`sssec:vec_methods`, not here. In particular, ``len`` (a method, on vectors +and strings only) and ``length`` (a built-in, accepting arrays, vectors, and +strings) answer the same question with different spellings and different domains: + +.. list-table:: + :header-rows: 1 + :widths: 30 35 35 + + * - Query on ``x`` + - ``length(x)`` (built-in) + - ``x.len()`` (method) + * - array ``T[n]`` + - the fixed length ``n`` + - ``TypeError`` -- arrays have no methods + * - ``vector`` / ``string`` + - the current length + - the current length + .. _ssec:builtIn_length: Length From f6e017ab1f2a83f78fe8128ad1ef183e14f76f30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:44:58 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 83/84] docs(glossary): flag the load-bearing entries in the disclaimer The disclaimer said glossary entries are terminology 'not statements of Gazprea semantics', which invited readers to skip entries that actually carry normative rules. Amend it to call out the load-bearing entries (zero value, initialization, re-initialization, domain, value type) as normative and cross-referenced to the chapter that states them in full, and add the missing cross-reference from the zero-value entry to the declarations chapter. Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/glossary.rst | 23 +++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst index a50671f2..0dde51f0 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/glossary.rst @@ -25,13 +25,18 @@ sentence in another chapter can read .. note:: - The entries here are *definitions of terminology*, not statements of - *Gazprea* semantics. Where *Gazprea* re-uses a word from another - language (for instance ``type qualifier``, which C reserves for - ``const``/``volatile``/``restrict``/``_Atomic`` but *Gazprea* uses for - the mutability distinction ``const``/``var``), the glossary explains - the source of the word and points to the *Gazprea* chapter that gives - its language-specific meaning. + Most entries here are *definitions of terminology*. Where *Gazprea* + re-uses a word from another language (for instance ``type qualifier``, + which C reserves for ``const``/``volatile``/``restrict``/``_Atomic`` but + *Gazprea* uses for the mutability distinction ``const``/``var``), the + glossary explains the source of the word and points to the *Gazprea* + chapter that gives its language-specific meaning. + + A few entries, however, *do* state normative *Gazprea* rules -- notably + :term:`zero value`, :term:`initialization`, :term:`re-initialization`, + :term:`domain`, and :term:`value type`. These are load-bearing: their + content is normative wherever it appears, and each is cross-referenced to + the chapter that states it in full. Do not skip them. .. contents:: On this page :local: @@ -75,7 +80,9 @@ Terms value; for a ``vector`` or ``string``, the empty collection. A ``const`` variable declared without an initializer keeps its zero value for its entire lifetime; a shorter array value stored into a - longer array is padded with the element type's zero value. + longer array is padded with the element type's zero value. This rule + is stated normatively, in the context of *Gazprea*'s RAII-style + initialization, in :ref:`sec:declaration`. aggregate type A type composed of subordinate members of possibly-different types. From abbb7582206331c5a6e4fee85a5393c2cd6bcaae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Agent Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 15:46:07 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 84/84] docs(matrix): note the rank->=3 size-query gap and literal-padding parity State explicitly that arrays of rank 3 or more have no size query (length is rank-1, rows/columns rank-2), so their extents are currently unobservable -- a known limitation pending a future 'shape' built-in. Also note that pad-to-longest-row is a property of the nested literal, applying identically to a matrix, an array variable, or a vector of arrays, and that only incremental push/append pads to the first element instead (worked contrast in the vector chapter). Assisted-by: Agent (claude) --- gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst | 16 +++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst index 9e9d7ad0..4b8cc89d 100644 --- a/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst +++ b/gazprea/spec/types/matrix.rst @@ -9,9 +9,12 @@ any :ref:`storable type `. A *matrix* is the rank-2 case, and this section describes it in full; higher-rank arrays follow the same construction, indexing, and element-wise operation rules, generalized to ``k`` index positions. The ``rows`` and ``columns`` built-ins discussed -below are defined on matrices (rank-2 arrays) specifically; their -generalization to higher-rank arrays is left to a future revision of this -specification. Matrix multiplication (``**``), by contrast, is defined for +below are defined on matrices (rank-2 arrays) specifically, and ``length`` on +rank-1 arrays; there is currently **no** size query for arrays of rank 3 or +more, so their extents are not observable at run time. This is a known +limitation: a general ``shape`` built-in reporting the extents of an array of +any rank is planned for a future revision of this specification. Matrix +multiplication (``**``), by contrast, is defined for arrays of **any** rank, as described in :ref:`sssec:matrix_ops`. .. _sssec:matrix_decl: @@ -52,6 +55,13 @@ of rows or columns exceeds the amounts given in a declaration the compiler must emit a ``SizeError`` (see :ref:`sec:errors`) at :term:`compile time` or :term:`run time`. +This pad-to-longest-row rule is a property of the nested array literal itself, so +it applies identically whether the literal initializes a matrix, an array +variable, or a :ref:`vector of arrays `. Only *incrementally* +growing a vector with ``push``/``append`` behaves differently, fitting each new +element to the size fixed by the first element; :ref:`ssec:vector` walks through +the contrast with worked examples. + :: integer[*] v = [1, 2, 3];